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Path Distance Allocation Tool

أداة تخصيص مسافة المسار

ArcMap ArcGIS

How to use Path Distance Allocation Tool in Arc Toolbox ArcMap ArcGIS??

كيفية استخدام أداة تخصيص مسافة المسار ؟؟

Path to access the toolمسار الوصول الى الأداة

:

Path Distance Allocation Tool, Distance Toolset, Spatial Analyst Tools Toolbox

 

Path Distance Allocation

Calculates the least-cost source for each cell based on the least accumulative cost over a cost surface, while accounting for surface distance along with horizontal and vertical cost factors.

تحسب المصدر الأقل تكلفة لكل خلية بناءً على أقل تكلفة تراكمية فوق سطح تكلفة ، مع احتساب مسافة السطح جنبًا إلى جنب مع عوامل التكلفة الأفقية والعمودية.

1.    Input raster or feature source data أدخل البيانات النقطية او مصدر بيانات المعلم

The input source locations.

This is a raster or feature dataset that identifies the cells or locations from or to which the least accumulated cost distance for every output cell location is calculated.

For rasters, the input type can be integer or floating point.

If the input source raster is floating point, the Input value raster parameter must be set, and it must be integer. The value raster will take precedence over the Source field parameter setting.

مواقع مصدر الإدخال.

هذه مجموعة بيانات نقطية أو ميزة تحدد الخلايا أو المواقع منها أو التي يتم فيها حساب أقل مسافة تكلفة متراكمة لكل موقع خلية إخراج.

بالنسبة إلى البيانات النقطية ، يمكن أن يكون نوع الإدخال عددًا صحيحًا أو نقطة عائمة.

إذا كانت البيانات النقطية لمصدر الإدخال هي النقطة العائمة ، فيجب تعيين معلمة البيانات النقطية لقيمة الإدخال ، ويجب أن تكون عددًا صحيحًا. ستأخذ القيمة النقطية الأسبقية على إعداد معلمة الحقل المصدر.

Source field (optional)

The field used to assign values to the source locations. It must be of integer type.

If the Input value raster parameter has been set, the values in that input will have precedence over the Source field parameter setting.

Output allocation raster

The output path distance allocation raster.

This raster identifies the zone of each source location (cell or feature) that could be reached with the least accumulative cost, while accounting for surface distance and horizontal and vertical cost factors.

The output raster is of integer type.

Input cost raster (optional)

A raster defining the impedance or cost to move planimetrically through each cell.

The value at each cell location represents the cost-per-unit distance for moving through the cell. Each cell location value is multiplied by the cell resolution while also compensating for diagonal movement to obtain the total cost of passing through the cell.

The values of the cost raster can be integer or floating point, but they cannot be negative or zero (you cannot have a negative or zero cost).

Input surface raster (optional)

A raster defining the elevation values at each cell location.

The values are used to calculate the actual surface distance covered when passing between cells.

Maximum distance (optional)

The threshold that the accumulative cost values cannot exceed.

If an accumulative cost distance value exceeds this value, the output value for the cell location will be NoData. The maximum distance is the extent for which the accumulative cost distances are calculated.

The default distance is to the edge of the output raster.

Input value raster (optional)

The input integer raster that identifies the zone values that will be used for each input source location.

For each source location (cell or feature), the Input value raster value will be assigned to all cells allocated to the source location for the computation. The value raster will take precedence over the Source field parameter setting.

Output distance raster (optional)

The output path distance raster.

The output path distance raster identifies, for each cell, the least accumulative cost distance, over a cost surface to the identified source locations, while accounting for surface distance as well as horizontal and vertical surface factors.

A source can be a cell, a set of cells, or one or more feature locations.

The output raster is of floating-point type.

Output backlink raster (optional)

The output cost backlink raster.

The backlink raster contains values 0 through 8, which define the direction or identify the next neighboring cell (the succeeding cell) along the least accumulative cost path from a cell to reach its least-cost source, while accounting for surface distance as well as horizontal and vertical surface factors.

If the path is to pass into the right neighbor, the cell will be assigned the value 1, 2 for the lower right diagonal cell, and continue clockwise. The value 0 is reserved for source cells.

Input horizontal raster (optional)

A raster defining the horizontal direction at each cell.

The values on the raster must be integers ranging from 0 to 360, with 0 degrees being north, or toward the top of the screen, and increasing clockwise. Flat areas should be given a value of -1. The values at each location will be used in conjunction with the Horizontal factor to determine the horizontal cost incurred when moving from a cell to its neighbors.

Horizontal factor (optional)

Specifies the relationship between the horizontal cost factor and the horizontal relative moving angle (HRMA).

There are several factors with modifiers from which to select that identify a defined horizontal factor graph. Additionally, a table can be used to create a custom graph. The graphs are used to identify the horizontal factor used in calculating the total cost for moving into a neighboring cell.

In the descriptions below, two acronyms are used: HF stands for horizontal factor, which defines the horizontal difficulty encountered when moving from one cell to the next; and HRMA stands for horizontal relative moving angle, which identifies the angle between the horizontal direction from a cell and the moving direction.

The Horizontal factor options are as follows:

·      Binary—If the HRMA is less than the cut angle, the HF is set to the value associated with the zero factor; otherwise, it is infinity.

·      Forward—Only forward movement is allowed. The HRMA must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than 90 degrees (0 <= HRMA < 90). If the HRMA is greater than 0 and less than 45 degrees, the HF for the cell is set to the value associated with the zero factor. If the HRMA is greater than or equal to 45 degrees, the side value modifier value is used. The HF for any HRMA equal to or greater than 90 degrees is set to infinity.

·      Linear—The HF is a linear function of the HRMA.

·      Inverse Linear—The HF is an inverse linear function of the HRMA.

·      Table—A table file will be used to define the horizontal factor graph used to determine the HFs.

Modifiers to the horizontal factors are the following:

·      Zero factor—The horizontal factor to be used when the HRMA is zero. This factor positions the y-intercept for any of the horizontal factor functions.

·      Cut angle—The HRMA angle beyond which the HF will be set to infinity.

·      Slope—The slope of the straight line used with the Linear and Inverse Linear horizontal factor keywords. The slope is specified as a fraction of rise over run (for example, 45 percent slope is 1/45, which is input as 0.02222).

·      Side value—The HF when the HRMA is greater than or equal to 45 degrees and less than 90 degrees when the Forward horizontal factor keyword is specified.

·      Table name—The name of the table defining the HF.

Input vertical raster (optional)

A raster defining the z-values for each cell location.

The values are used for calculating the slope used to identify the vertical factor incurred when moving from one cell to another.

Vertical factor (optional)

Specifies the relationship between the vertical cost factor and the vertical relative moving angle (VRMA).

There are several factors with modifiers from which to select that identify a defined vertical factor graph. Additionally, a table can be used to create a custom graph. The graphs are used to identify the vertical factor used in calculating the total cost for moving into a neighboring cell.

In the descriptions below, two acronyms are used: VF stands for vertical factor, which defines the vertical difficulty encountered in moving from one cell to the next; and VRMA stands for vertical relative moving angle, which identifies the slope angle between the FROM or processing cell and the TO cell.

The Vertical factor options are as follows:

·      Binary—If the VRMA is greater than the low-cut angle and less than the high-cut angle, the VF is set to the value associated with the zero factor; otherwise, it is infinity.

·      Linear—The VF is a linear function of the VRMA.

·      Symmetric Linear—The VF is a linear function of the VRMA in either the negative or positive side of the VRMA, respectively, and the two linear functions are symmetrical with respect to the VF (y) axis.

·      Inverse Linear—The VF is an inverse linear function of the VRMA.

·      Symmetric Inverse Linear—The VF is an inverse linear function of the VRMA in either the negative or positive side of the VRMA, respectively, and the two linear functions are symmetrical with respect to the VF (y) axis.

·      Cos—The VF is the cosine-based function of the VRMA.

·      Sec—The VF is the secant-based function of the VRMA.

·      Cos-Sec—The VF is the cosine-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is negative and is the secant-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is nonnegative.

·      Sec-Cos—The VF is the secant-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is negative and is the cosine-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is nonnegative.

·      Table—A table file will be used to define the vertical-factor graph used to determine the VFs.

Modifiers to the vertical keywords are the following:

·      Zero factor—The vertical factor used when the VRMA is zero. This factor positions the y-intercept of the specified function. By definition, the zero factor is not applicable to any of the trigonometric vertical functions (COS, SEC, COS-SEC, or SEC-COS). The y-intercept is defined by these functions.

·      Low Cut angle—The VRMA angle below which the VF will be set to infinity.

·      High Cut angle—The VRMA angle above which the VF will be set to infinity.

·      Slope—The slope of the straight line used with the Linear and Inverse Linear vertical-factor keywords. The slope is specified as a fraction of rise over run (for example, 45 percent slope is 1/45, which is input as 0.02222).

·      Table name—The name of the table defining the VF.

Multiplier to apply to costs (optional)

The multiplier to apply to the cost values.

This allows for control of the mode of travel or the magnitude at a source. The greater the multiplier, the greater the cost to move through each cell.

The values must be greater than zero. The default is 1.

Start cost (optional)

The starting cost from which to begin the cost calculations.

Allows for the specification of the fixed cost associated with a source. Instead of starting at a cost of zero, the cost algorithm will begin with the value set by Start cost.

The values must be zero or greater. The default is 0.

Accumulative cost resistance rate (optional)

This parameter simulates the increase in the effort to overcome costs as the accumulative cost increases. It is used to model fatigue of the traveler. The growing accumulative cost to reach a cell is multiplied by the resistance rate and added to the cost to move into the subsequent cell.

It is a modified version of a compound interest rate formula that is used to calculate the apparent cost of moving through a cell. As the value of the resistance rate increases, it increases the cost of the cells that are visited later. The greater the resistance rate, the more additional cost is added to reach the next cell, which is compounded for each subsequent movement. Since the resistance rate is similar to a compound rate and generally the accumulative cost values are very large, small resistance rates are suggested, such as 0.02, 0.005, or even smaller, depending on the accumulative cost values.

The values must be zero or greater. The default is 0.

Capacity (optional)

The cost capacity for the traveler for a source.

The cost calculations continue for each source until the specified capacity is reached.

The values must be greater than zero. The default capacity is to the edge of the output raster.

Travel direction (optional)

Specifies the direction of the traveler when applying horizontal and vertical factors, the source resistance rate, and the source starting cost.

·      FROM_SOURCE—The horizontal factor, vertical factor, source resistance rate, and source starting cost will be applied beginning at the input source, and travel out to the nonsource cells. This is the default.

·      TO_SOURCE—The horizontal factor, vertical factor, source resistance rate, and source starting cost will be applied beginning at each nonsource cell and travel back to the input source.

If you select the String option, you can choose between from and to options, which will be applied to all sources.

If you select the Field option, you can select the field from the source data that determines the direction to use for each source. The field must contain the text string FROM_SOURCE or TO_SOURCE.

2.    Source field (optional) مصدر الحقل (اختياري)

The field used to assign values to the source locations. It must be of integer type.

If the Input value raster parameter has been set, the values in that input will have precedence over the Source field parameter setting.

الحقل المستخدم لتعيين قيم لمواقع المصدر. يجب أن يكون من نوع عدد صحيح.

إذا تم تعيين معلمة البيانات النقطية لقيمة الإدخال ، فستكون للقيم الموجودة في هذا الإدخال الأسبقية على إعداد معلمة حقل المصدر.

Output allocation raster

The output path distance allocation raster.

This raster identifies the zone of each source location (cell or feature) that could be reached with the least accumulative cost, while accounting for surface distance and horizontal and vertical cost factors.

The output raster is of integer type.

Input cost raster (optional)

A raster defining the impedance or cost to move planimetrically through each cell.

The value at each cell location represents the cost-per-unit distance for moving through the cell. Each cell location value is multiplied by the cell resolution while also compensating for diagonal movement to obtain the total cost of passing through the cell.

The values of the cost raster can be integer or floating point, but they cannot be negative or zero (you cannot have a negative or zero cost).

Input surface raster (optional)

A raster defining the elevation values at each cell location.

The values are used to calculate the actual surface distance covered when passing between cells.

Maximum distance (optional)

The threshold that the accumulative cost values cannot exceed.

If an accumulative cost distance value exceeds this value, the output value for the cell location will be NoData. The maximum distance is the extent for which the accumulative cost distances are calculated.

The default distance is to the edge of the output raster.

Input value raster (optional)

The input integer raster that identifies the zone values that will be used for each input source location.

For each source location (cell or feature), the Input value raster value will be assigned to all cells allocated to the source location for the computation. The value raster will take precedence over the Source field parameter setting.

Output distance raster (optional)

The output path distance raster.

The output path distance raster identifies, for each cell, the least accumulative cost distance, over a cost surface to the identified source locations, while accounting for surface distance as well as horizontal and vertical surface factors.

A source can be a cell, a set of cells, or one or more feature locations.

The output raster is of floating-point type.

Output backlink raster (optional)

The output cost backlink raster.

The backlink raster contains values 0 through 8, which define the direction or identify the next neighboring cell (the succeeding cell) along the least accumulative cost path from a cell to reach its least-cost source, while accounting for surface distance as well as horizontal and vertical surface factors.

If the path is to pass into the right neighbor, the cell will be assigned the value 1, 2 for the lower right diagonal cell, and continue clockwise. The value 0 is reserved for source cells.

Input horizontal raster (optional)

A raster defining the horizontal direction at each cell.

The values on the raster must be integers ranging from 0 to 360, with 0 degrees being north, or toward the top of the screen, and increasing clockwise. Flat areas should be given a value of -1. The values at each location will be used in conjunction with the Horizontal factor to determine the horizontal cost incurred when moving from a cell to its neighbors.

Horizontal factor (optional)

Specifies the relationship between the horizontal cost factor and the horizontal relative moving angle (HRMA).

There are several factors with modifiers from which to select that identify a defined horizontal factor graph. Additionally, a table can be used to create a custom graph. The graphs are used to identify the horizontal factor used in calculating the total cost for moving into a neighboring cell.

In the descriptions below, two acronyms are used: HF stands for horizontal factor, which defines the horizontal difficulty encountered when moving from one cell to the next; and HRMA stands for horizontal relative moving angle, which identifies the angle between the horizontal direction from a cell and the moving direction.

The Horizontal factor options are as follows:

·      Binary—If the HRMA is less than the cut angle, the HF is set to the value associated with the zero factor; otherwise, it is infinity.

·      Forward—Only forward movement is allowed. The HRMA must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than 90 degrees (0 <= HRMA < 90). If the HRMA is greater than 0 and less than 45 degrees, the HF for the cell is set to the value associated with the zero factor. If the HRMA is greater than or equal to 45 degrees, the side value modifier value is used. The HF for any HRMA equal to or greater than 90 degrees is set to infinity.

·      Linear—The HF is a linear function of the HRMA.

·      Inverse Linear—The HF is an inverse linear function of the HRMA.

·      Table—A table file will be used to define the horizontal factor graph used to determine the HFs.

Modifiers to the horizontal factors are the following:

·      Zero factor—The horizontal factor to be used when the HRMA is zero. This factor positions the y-intercept for any of the horizontal factor functions.

·      Cut angle—The HRMA angle beyond which the HF will be set to infinity.

·      Slope—The slope of the straight line used with the Linear and Inverse Linear horizontal factor keywords. The slope is specified as a fraction of rise over run (for example, 45 percent slope is 1/45, which is input as 0.02222).

·      Side value—The HF when the HRMA is greater than or equal to 45 degrees and less than 90 degrees when the Forward horizontal factor keyword is specified.

·      Table name—The name of the table defining the HF.

Input vertical raster (optional)

A raster defining the z-values for each cell location.

The values are used for calculating the slope used to identify the vertical factor incurred when moving from one cell to another.

Vertical factor (optional)

Specifies the relationship between the vertical cost factor and the vertical relative moving angle (VRMA).

There are several factors with modifiers from which to select that identify a defined vertical factor graph. Additionally, a table can be used to create a custom graph. The graphs are used to identify the vertical factor used in calculating the total cost for moving into a neighboring cell.

In the descriptions below, two acronyms are used: VF stands for vertical factor, which defines the vertical difficulty encountered in moving from one cell to the next; and VRMA stands for vertical relative moving angle, which identifies the slope angle between the FROM or processing cell and the TO cell.

The Vertical factor options are as follows:

·      Binary—If the VRMA is greater than the low-cut angle and less than the high-cut angle, the VF is set to the value associated with the zero factor; otherwise, it is infinity.

·      Linear—The VF is a linear function of the VRMA.

·      Symmetric Linear—The VF is a linear function of the VRMA in either the negative or positive side of the VRMA, respectively, and the two linear functions are symmetrical with respect to the VF (y) axis.

·      Inverse Linear—The VF is an inverse linear function of the VRMA.

·      Symmetric Inverse Linear—The VF is an inverse linear function of the VRMA in either the negative or positive side of the VRMA, respectively, and the two linear functions are symmetrical with respect to the VF (y) axis.

·      Cos—The VF is the cosine-based function of the VRMA.

·      Sec—The VF is the secant-based function of the VRMA.

·      Cos-Sec—The VF is the cosine-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is negative and is the secant-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is nonnegative.

·      Sec-Cos—The VF is the secant-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is negative and is the cosine-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is nonnegative.

·      Table—A table file will be used to define the vertical-factor graph used to determine the VFs.

Modifiers to the vertical keywords are the following:

·      Zero factor—The vertical factor used when the VRMA is zero. This factor positions the y-intercept of the specified function. By definition, the zero factor is not applicable to any of the trigonometric vertical functions (COS, SEC, COS-SEC, or SEC-COS). The y-intercept is defined by these functions.

·      Low Cut angle—The VRMA angle below which the VF will be set to infinity.

·      High Cut angle—The VRMA angle above which the VF will be set to infinity.

·      Slope—The slope of the straight line used with the Linear and Inverse Linear vertical-factor keywords. The slope is specified as a fraction of rise over run (for example, 45 percent slope is 1/45, which is input as 0.02222).

·      Table name—The name of the table defining the VF.

Multiplier to apply to costs (optional)

The multiplier to apply to the cost values.

This allows for control of the mode of travel or the magnitude at a source. The greater the multiplier, the greater the cost to move through each cell.

The values must be greater than zero. The default is 1.

Start cost (optional)

The starting cost from which to begin the cost calculations.

Allows for the specification of the fixed cost associated with a source. Instead of starting at a cost of zero, the cost algorithm will begin with the value set by Start cost.

The values must be zero or greater. The default is 0.

Accumulative cost resistance rate (optional)

This parameter simulates the increase in the effort to overcome costs as the accumulative cost increases. It is used to model fatigue of the traveler. The growing accumulative cost to reach a cell is multiplied by the resistance rate and added to the cost to move into the subsequent cell.

It is a modified version of a compound interest rate formula that is used to calculate the apparent cost of moving through a cell. As the value of the resistance rate increases, it increases the cost of the cells that are visited later. The greater the resistance rate, the more additional cost is added to reach the next cell, which is compounded for each subsequent movement. Since the resistance rate is similar to a compound rate and generally the accumulative cost values are very large, small resistance rates are suggested, such as 0.02, 0.005, or even smaller, depending on the accumulative cost values.

The values must be zero or greater. The default is 0.

Capacity (optional)

The cost capacity for the traveler for a source.

The cost calculations continue for each source until the specified capacity is reached.

The values must be greater than zero. The default capacity is to the edge of the output raster.

Travel direction (optional)

Specifies the direction of the traveler when applying horizontal and vertical factors, the source resistance rate, and the source starting cost.

·      FROM_SOURCE—The horizontal factor, vertical factor, source resistance rate, and source starting cost will be applied beginning at the input source, and travel out to the nonsource cells. This is the default.

·      TO_SOURCE—The horizontal factor, vertical factor, source resistance rate, and source starting cost will be applied beginning at each nonsource cell and travel back to the input source.

If you select the String option, you can choose between from and to options, which will be applied to all sources.

If you select the Field option, you can select the field from the source data that determines the direction to use for each source. The field must contain the text string FROM_SOURCE or TO_SOURCE.

3.    Output allocation raster مخرج البيانات النقطية المخصصة

The output path distance allocation raster.

This raster identifies the zone of each source location (cell or feature) that could be reached with the least accumulative cost, while accounting for surface distance and horizontal and vertical cost factors.

The output raster is of integer type.

مسار الإخراج تخصيص المسافة النقطية.

تحدد هذه البيانات النقطية منطقة كل موقع مصدر (خلية أو ميزة) التي يمكن الوصول إليها بأقل تكلفة تراكمية ، مع مراعاة مسافة السطح وعوامل التكلفة الأفقية والرأسية.

الناتج النقطي من نوع عدد صحيح.

Input cost raster (optional)

A raster defining the impedance or cost to move planimetrically through each cell.

The value at each cell location represents the cost-per-unit distance for moving through the cell. Each cell location value is multiplied by the cell resolution while also compensating for diagonal movement to obtain the total cost of passing through the cell.

The values of the cost raster can be integer or floating point, but they cannot be negative or zero (you cannot have a negative or zero cost).

Input surface raster (optional)

A raster defining the elevation values at each cell location.

The values are used to calculate the actual surface distance covered when passing between cells.

Maximum distance (optional)

The threshold that the accumulative cost values cannot exceed.

If an accumulative cost distance value exceeds this value, the output value for the cell location will be NoData. The maximum distance is the extent for which the accumulative cost distances are calculated.

The default distance is to the edge of the output raster.

Input value raster (optional)

The input integer raster that identifies the zone values that will be used for each input source location.

For each source location (cell or feature), the Input value raster value will be assigned to all cells allocated to the source location for the computation. The value raster will take precedence over the Source field parameter setting.

Output distance raster (optional)

The output path distance raster.

The output path distance raster identifies, for each cell, the least accumulative cost distance, over a cost surface to the identified source locations, while accounting for surface distance as well as horizontal and vertical surface factors.

A source can be a cell, a set of cells, or one or more feature locations.

The output raster is of floating-point type.

Output backlink raster (optional)

The output cost backlink raster.

The backlink raster contains values 0 through 8, which define the direction or identify the next neighboring cell (the succeeding cell) along the least accumulative cost path from a cell to reach its least-cost source, while accounting for surface distance as well as horizontal and vertical surface factors.

If the path is to pass into the right neighbor, the cell will be assigned the value 1, 2 for the lower right diagonal cell, and continue clockwise. The value 0 is reserved for source cells.

Input horizontal raster (optional)

A raster defining the horizontal direction at each cell.

The values on the raster must be integers ranging from 0 to 360, with 0 degrees being north, or toward the top of the screen, and increasing clockwise. Flat areas should be given a value of -1. The values at each location will be used in conjunction with the Horizontal factor to determine the horizontal cost incurred when moving from a cell to its neighbors.

Horizontal factor (optional)

Specifies the relationship between the horizontal cost factor and the horizontal relative moving angle (HRMA).

There are several factors with modifiers from which to select that identify a defined horizontal factor graph. Additionally, a table can be used to create a custom graph. The graphs are used to identify the horizontal factor used in calculating the total cost for moving into a neighboring cell.

In the descriptions below, two acronyms are used: HF stands for horizontal factor, which defines the horizontal difficulty encountered when moving from one cell to the next; and HRMA stands for horizontal relative moving angle, which identifies the angle between the horizontal direction from a cell and the moving direction.

The Horizontal factor options are as follows:

·      Binary—If the HRMA is less than the cut angle, the HF is set to the value associated with the zero factor; otherwise, it is infinity.

·      Forward—Only forward movement is allowed. The HRMA must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than 90 degrees (0 <= HRMA < 90). If the HRMA is greater than 0 and less than 45 degrees, the HF for the cell is set to the value associated with the zero factor. If the HRMA is greater than or equal to 45 degrees, the side value modifier value is used. The HF for any HRMA equal to or greater than 90 degrees is set to infinity.

·      Linear—The HF is a linear function of the HRMA.

·      Inverse Linear—The HF is an inverse linear function of the HRMA.

·      Table—A table file will be used to define the horizontal factor graph used to determine the HFs.

Modifiers to the horizontal factors are the following:

·      Zero factor—The horizontal factor to be used when the HRMA is zero. This factor positions the y-intercept for any of the horizontal factor functions.

·      Cut angle—The HRMA angle beyond which the HF will be set to infinity.

·      Slope—The slope of the straight line used with the Linear and Inverse Linear horizontal factor keywords. The slope is specified as a fraction of rise over run (for example, 45 percent slope is 1/45, which is input as 0.02222).

·      Side value—The HF when the HRMA is greater than or equal to 45 degrees and less than 90 degrees when the Forward horizontal factor keyword is specified.

·      Table name—The name of the table defining the HF.

Input vertical raster (optional)

A raster defining the z-values for each cell location.

The values are used for calculating the slope used to identify the vertical factor incurred when moving from one cell to another.

Vertical factor (optional)

Specifies the relationship between the vertical cost factor and the vertical relative moving angle (VRMA).

There are several factors with modifiers from which to select that identify a defined vertical factor graph. Additionally, a table can be used to create a custom graph. The graphs are used to identify the vertical factor used in calculating the total cost for moving into a neighboring cell.

In the descriptions below, two acronyms are used: VF stands for vertical factor, which defines the vertical difficulty encountered in moving from one cell to the next; and VRMA stands for vertical relative moving angle, which identifies the slope angle between the FROM or processing cell and the TO cell.

The Vertical factor options are as follows:

·      Binary—If the VRMA is greater than the low-cut angle and less than the high-cut angle, the VF is set to the value associated with the zero factor; otherwise, it is infinity.

·      Linear—The VF is a linear function of the VRMA.

·      Symmetric Linear—The VF is a linear function of the VRMA in either the negative or positive side of the VRMA, respectively, and the two linear functions are symmetrical with respect to the VF (y) axis.

·      Inverse Linear—The VF is an inverse linear function of the VRMA.

·      Symmetric Inverse Linear—The VF is an inverse linear function of the VRMA in either the negative or positive side of the VRMA, respectively, and the two linear functions are symmetrical with respect to the VF (y) axis.

·      Cos—The VF is the cosine-based function of the VRMA.

·      Sec—The VF is the secant-based function of the VRMA.

·      Cos-Sec—The VF is the cosine-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is negative and is the secant-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is nonnegative.

·      Sec-Cos—The VF is the secant-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is negative and is the cosine-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is nonnegative.

·      Table—A table file will be used to define the vertical-factor graph used to determine the VFs.

Modifiers to the vertical keywords are the following:

·      Zero factor—The vertical factor used when the VRMA is zero. This factor positions the y-intercept of the specified function. By definition, the zero factor is not applicable to any of the trigonometric vertical functions (COS, SEC, COS-SEC, or SEC-COS). The y-intercept is defined by these functions.

·      Low Cut angle—The VRMA angle below which the VF will be set to infinity.

·      High Cut angle—The VRMA angle above which the VF will be set to infinity.

·      Slope—The slope of the straight line used with the Linear and Inverse Linear vertical-factor keywords. The slope is specified as a fraction of rise over run (for example, 45 percent slope is 1/45, which is input as 0.02222).

·      Table name—The name of the table defining the VF.

Multiplier to apply to costs (optional)

The multiplier to apply to the cost values.

This allows for control of the mode of travel or the magnitude at a source. The greater the multiplier, the greater the cost to move through each cell.

The values must be greater than zero. The default is 1.

Start cost (optional)

The starting cost from which to begin the cost calculations.

Allows for the specification of the fixed cost associated with a source. Instead of starting at a cost of zero, the cost algorithm will begin with the value set by Start cost.

The values must be zero or greater. The default is 0.

Accumulative cost resistance rate (optional)

This parameter simulates the increase in the effort to overcome costs as the accumulative cost increases. It is used to model fatigue of the traveler. The growing accumulative cost to reach a cell is multiplied by the resistance rate and added to the cost to move into the subsequent cell.

It is a modified version of a compound interest rate formula that is used to calculate the apparent cost of moving through a cell. As the value of the resistance rate increases, it increases the cost of the cells that are visited later. The greater the resistance rate, the more additional cost is added to reach the next cell, which is compounded for each subsequent movement. Since the resistance rate is similar to a compound rate and generally the accumulative cost values are very large, small resistance rates are suggested, such as 0.02, 0.005, or even smaller, depending on the accumulative cost values.

The values must be zero or greater. The default is 0.

Capacity (optional)

The cost capacity for the traveler for a source.

The cost calculations continue for each source until the specified capacity is reached.

The values must be greater than zero. The default capacity is to the edge of the output raster.

Travel direction (optional)

Specifies the direction of the traveler when applying horizontal and vertical factors, the source resistance rate, and the source starting cost.

·      FROM_SOURCE—The horizontal factor, vertical factor, source resistance rate, and source starting cost will be applied beginning at the input source, and travel out to the nonsource cells. This is the default.

·      TO_SOURCE—The horizontal factor, vertical factor, source resistance rate, and source starting cost will be applied beginning at each nonsource cell and travel back to the input source.

If you select the String option, you can choose between from and to options, which will be applied to all sources.

If you select the Field option, you can select the field from the source data that determines the direction to use for each source. The field must contain the text string FROM_SOURCE or TO_SOURCE.

4.    Input cost raster (optional) أدخل تكلفة البيانات النقطية (اختياري)

A raster defining the impedance or cost to move planimetrically through each cell.

The value at each cell location represents the cost-per-unit distance for moving through the cell. Each cell location value is multiplied by the cell resolution while also compensating for diagonal movement to obtain the total cost of passing through the cell.

The values of the cost raster can be integer or floating point, but they cannot be negative or zero (you cannot have a negative or zero cost).

نقطية تحدد الممانعة أو التكلفة للتحرك على مستوى مستوي عبر كل خلية.

تمثل القيمة في كل موقع خلية التكلفة لكل وحدة مسافة للتنقل عبر الخلية. يتم ضرب كل قيمة موقع خلية في دقة الخلية مع التعويض أيضًا عن الحركة القطرية للحصول على التكلفة الإجمالية للمرور عبر الخلية.

يمكن أن تكون قيم التكلفة النقطية عددًا صحيحًا أو فاصلة عائمة ، لكن لا يمكن أن تكون سالبة أو صفرية (لا يمكن أن يكون لديك تكلفة سالبة أو صفرية).

Input surface raster (optional)

A raster defining the elevation values at each cell location.

The values are used to calculate the actual surface distance covered when passing between cells.

Maximum distance (optional)

The threshold that the accumulative cost values cannot exceed.

If an accumulative cost distance value exceeds this value, the output value for the cell location will be NoData. The maximum distance is the extent for which the accumulative cost distances are calculated.

The default distance is to the edge of the output raster.

Input value raster (optional)

The input integer raster that identifies the zone values that will be used for each input source location.

For each source location (cell or feature), the Input value raster value will be assigned to all cells allocated to the source location for the computation. The value raster will take precedence over the Source field parameter setting.

Output distance raster (optional)

The output path distance raster.

The output path distance raster identifies, for each cell, the least accumulative cost distance, over a cost surface to the identified source locations, while accounting for surface distance as well as horizontal and vertical surface factors.

A source can be a cell, a set of cells, or one or more feature locations.

The output raster is of floating-point type.

Output backlink raster (optional)

The output cost backlink raster.

The backlink raster contains values 0 through 8, which define the direction or identify the next neighboring cell (the succeeding cell) along the least accumulative cost path from a cell to reach its least-cost source, while accounting for surface distance as well as horizontal and vertical surface factors.

If the path is to pass into the right neighbor, the cell will be assigned the value 1, 2 for the lower right diagonal cell, and continue clockwise. The value 0 is reserved for source cells.

Input horizontal raster (optional)

A raster defining the horizontal direction at each cell.

The values on the raster must be integers ranging from 0 to 360, with 0 degrees being north, or toward the top of the screen, and increasing clockwise. Flat areas should be given a value of -1. The values at each location will be used in conjunction with the Horizontal factor to determine the horizontal cost incurred when moving from a cell to its neighbors.

Horizontal factor (optional)

Specifies the relationship between the horizontal cost factor and the horizontal relative moving angle (HRMA).

There are several factors with modifiers from which to select that identify a defined horizontal factor graph. Additionally, a table can be used to create a custom graph. The graphs are used to identify the horizontal factor used in calculating the total cost for moving into a neighboring cell.

In the descriptions below, two acronyms are used: HF stands for horizontal factor, which defines the horizontal difficulty encountered when moving from one cell to the next; and HRMA stands for horizontal relative moving angle, which identifies the angle between the horizontal direction from a cell and the moving direction.

The Horizontal factor options are as follows:

·      Binary—If the HRMA is less than the cut angle, the HF is set to the value associated with the zero factor; otherwise, it is infinity.

·      Forward—Only forward movement is allowed. The HRMA must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than 90 degrees (0 <= HRMA < 90). If the HRMA is greater than 0 and less than 45 degrees, the HF for the cell is set to the value associated with the zero factor. If the HRMA is greater than or equal to 45 degrees, the side value modifier value is used. The HF for any HRMA equal to or greater than 90 degrees is set to infinity.

·      Linear—The HF is a linear function of the HRMA.

·      Inverse Linear—The HF is an inverse linear function of the HRMA.

·      Table—A table file will be used to define the horizontal factor graph used to determine the HFs.

Modifiers to the horizontal factors are the following:

·      Zero factor—The horizontal factor to be used when the HRMA is zero. This factor positions the y-intercept for any of the horizontal factor functions.

·      Cut angle—The HRMA angle beyond which the HF will be set to infinity.

·      Slope—The slope of the straight line used with the Linear and Inverse Linear horizontal factor keywords. The slope is specified as a fraction of rise over run (for example, 45 percent slope is 1/45, which is input as 0.02222).

·      Side value—The HF when the HRMA is greater than or equal to 45 degrees and less than 90 degrees when the Forward horizontal factor keyword is specified.

·      Table name—The name of the table defining the HF.

Input vertical raster (optional)

A raster defining the z-values for each cell location.

The values are used for calculating the slope used to identify the vertical factor incurred when moving from one cell to another.

Vertical factor (optional)

Specifies the relationship between the vertical cost factor and the vertical relative moving angle (VRMA).

There are several factors with modifiers from which to select that identify a defined vertical factor graph. Additionally, a table can be used to create a custom graph. The graphs are used to identify the vertical factor used in calculating the total cost for moving into a neighboring cell.

In the descriptions below, two acronyms are used: VF stands for vertical factor, which defines the vertical difficulty encountered in moving from one cell to the next; and VRMA stands for vertical relative moving angle, which identifies the slope angle between the FROM or processing cell and the TO cell.

The Vertical factor options are as follows:

·      Binary—If the VRMA is greater than the low-cut angle and less than the high-cut angle, the VF is set to the value associated with the zero factor; otherwise, it is infinity.

·      Linear—The VF is a linear function of the VRMA.

·      Symmetric Linear—The VF is a linear function of the VRMA in either the negative or positive side of the VRMA, respectively, and the two linear functions are symmetrical with respect to the VF (y) axis.

·      Inverse Linear—The VF is an inverse linear function of the VRMA.

·      Symmetric Inverse Linear—The VF is an inverse linear function of the VRMA in either the negative or positive side of the VRMA, respectively, and the two linear functions are symmetrical with respect to the VF (y) axis.

·      Cos—The VF is the cosine-based function of the VRMA.

·      Sec—The VF is the secant-based function of the VRMA.

·      Cos-Sec—The VF is the cosine-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is negative and is the secant-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is nonnegative.

·      Sec-Cos—The VF is the secant-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is negative and is the cosine-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is nonnegative.

·      Table—A table file will be used to define the vertical-factor graph used to determine the VFs.

Modifiers to the vertical keywords are the following:

·      Zero factor—The vertical factor used when the VRMA is zero. This factor positions the y-intercept of the specified function. By definition, the zero factor is not applicable to any of the trigonometric vertical functions (COS, SEC, COS-SEC, or SEC-COS). The y-intercept is defined by these functions.

·      Low Cut angle—The VRMA angle below which the VF will be set to infinity.

·      High Cut angle—The VRMA angle above which the VF will be set to infinity.

·      Slope—The slope of the straight line used with the Linear and Inverse Linear vertical-factor keywords. The slope is specified as a fraction of rise over run (for example, 45 percent slope is 1/45, which is input as 0.02222).

·      Table name—The name of the table defining the VF.

Multiplier to apply to costs (optional)

The multiplier to apply to the cost values.

This allows for control of the mode of travel or the magnitude at a source. The greater the multiplier, the greater the cost to move through each cell.

The values must be greater than zero. The default is 1.

Start cost (optional)

The starting cost from which to begin the cost calculations.

Allows for the specification of the fixed cost associated with a source. Instead of starting at a cost of zero, the cost algorithm will begin with the value set by Start cost.

The values must be zero or greater. The default is 0.

Accumulative cost resistance rate (optional)

This parameter simulates the increase in the effort to overcome costs as the accumulative cost increases. It is used to model fatigue of the traveler. The growing accumulative cost to reach a cell is multiplied by the resistance rate and added to the cost to move into the subsequent cell.

It is a modified version of a compound interest rate formula that is used to calculate the apparent cost of moving through a cell. As the value of the resistance rate increases, it increases the cost of the cells that are visited later. The greater the resistance rate, the more additional cost is added to reach the next cell, which is compounded for each subsequent movement. Since the resistance rate is similar to a compound rate and generally the accumulative cost values are very large, small resistance rates are suggested, such as 0.02, 0.005, or even smaller, depending on the accumulative cost values.

The values must be zero or greater. The default is 0.

Capacity (optional)

The cost capacity for the traveler for a source.

The cost calculations continue for each source until the specified capacity is reached.

The values must be greater than zero. The default capacity is to the edge of the output raster.

Travel direction (optional)

Specifies the direction of the traveler when applying horizontal and vertical factors, the source resistance rate, and the source starting cost.

·      FROM_SOURCE—The horizontal factor, vertical factor, source resistance rate, and source starting cost will be applied beginning at the input source, and travel out to the nonsource cells. This is the default.

·      TO_SOURCE—The horizontal factor, vertical factor, source resistance rate, and source starting cost will be applied beginning at each nonsource cell and travel back to the input source.

If you select the String option, you can choose between from and to options, which will be applied to all sources.

If you select the Field option, you can select the field from the source data that determines the direction to use for each source. The field must contain the text string FROM_SOURCE or TO_SOURCE.

5.    Input surface raster (optional) أدخل سطح البيانات النقطية (اختياري)

A raster defining the elevation values at each cell location.

The values are used to calculate the actual surface distance covered when passing between cells.

نقطية تحدد قيم الارتفاع في كل موقع خلية.

تُستخدم القيم لحساب مسافة السطح الفعلية التي يتم تغطيتها عند المرور بين الخلايا.

Maximum distance (optional)

The threshold that the accumulative cost values cannot exceed.

If an accumulative cost distance value exceeds this value, the output value for the cell location will be NoData. The maximum distance is the extent for which the accumulative cost distances are calculated.

The default distance is to the edge of the output raster.

Input value raster (optional)

The input integer raster that identifies the zone values that will be used for each input source location.

For each source location (cell or feature), the Input value raster value will be assigned to all cells allocated to the source location for the computation. The value raster will take precedence over the Source field parameter setting.

Output distance raster (optional)

The output path distance raster.

The output path distance raster identifies, for each cell, the least accumulative cost distance, over a cost surface to the identified source locations, while accounting for surface distance as well as horizontal and vertical surface factors.

A source can be a cell, a set of cells, or one or more feature locations.

The output raster is of floating-point type.

Output backlink raster (optional)

The output cost backlink raster.

The backlink raster contains values 0 through 8, which define the direction or identify the next neighboring cell (the succeeding cell) along the least accumulative cost path from a cell to reach its least-cost source, while accounting for surface distance as well as horizontal and vertical surface factors.

If the path is to pass into the right neighbor, the cell will be assigned the value 1, 2 for the lower right diagonal cell, and continue clockwise. The value 0 is reserved for source cells.

Input horizontal raster (optional)

A raster defining the horizontal direction at each cell.

The values on the raster must be integers ranging from 0 to 360, with 0 degrees being north, or toward the top of the screen, and increasing clockwise. Flat areas should be given a value of -1. The values at each location will be used in conjunction with the Horizontal factor to determine the horizontal cost incurred when moving from a cell to its neighbors.

Horizontal factor (optional)

Specifies the relationship between the horizontal cost factor and the horizontal relative moving angle (HRMA).

There are several factors with modifiers from which to select that identify a defined horizontal factor graph. Additionally, a table can be used to create a custom graph. The graphs are used to identify the horizontal factor used in calculating the total cost for moving into a neighboring cell.

In the descriptions below, two acronyms are used: HF stands for horizontal factor, which defines the horizontal difficulty encountered when moving from one cell to the next; and HRMA stands for horizontal relative moving angle, which identifies the angle between the horizontal direction from a cell and the moving direction.

The Horizontal factor options are as follows:

·      Binary—If the HRMA is less than the cut angle, the HF is set to the value associated with the zero factor; otherwise, it is infinity.

·      Forward—Only forward movement is allowed. The HRMA must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than 90 degrees (0 <= HRMA < 90). If the HRMA is greater than 0 and less than 45 degrees, the HF for the cell is set to the value associated with the zero factor. If the HRMA is greater than or equal to 45 degrees, the side value modifier value is used. The HF for any HRMA equal to or greater than 90 degrees is set to infinity.

·      Linear—The HF is a linear function of the HRMA.

·      Inverse Linear—The HF is an inverse linear function of the HRMA.

·      Table—A table file will be used to define the horizontal factor graph used to determine the HFs.

Modifiers to the horizontal factors are the following:

·      Zero factor—The horizontal factor to be used when the HRMA is zero. This factor positions the y-intercept for any of the horizontal factor functions.

·      Cut angle—The HRMA angle beyond which the HF will be set to infinity.

·      Slope—The slope of the straight line used with the Linear and Inverse Linear horizontal factor keywords. The slope is specified as a fraction of rise over run (for example, 45 percent slope is 1/45, which is input as 0.02222).

·      Side value—The HF when the HRMA is greater than or equal to 45 degrees and less than 90 degrees when the Forward horizontal factor keyword is specified.

·      Table name—The name of the table defining the HF.

Input vertical raster (optional)

A raster defining the z-values for each cell location.

The values are used for calculating the slope used to identify the vertical factor incurred when moving from one cell to another.

Vertical factor (optional)

Specifies the relationship between the vertical cost factor and the vertical relative moving angle (VRMA).

There are several factors with modifiers from which to select that identify a defined vertical factor graph. Additionally, a table can be used to create a custom graph. The graphs are used to identify the vertical factor used in calculating the total cost for moving into a neighboring cell.

In the descriptions below, two acronyms are used: VF stands for vertical factor, which defines the vertical difficulty encountered in moving from one cell to the next; and VRMA stands for vertical relative moving angle, which identifies the slope angle between the FROM or processing cell and the TO cell.

The Vertical factor options are as follows:

·      Binary—If the VRMA is greater than the low-cut angle and less than the high-cut angle, the VF is set to the value associated with the zero factor; otherwise, it is infinity.

·      Linear—The VF is a linear function of the VRMA.

·      Symmetric Linear—The VF is a linear function of the VRMA in either the negative or positive side of the VRMA, respectively, and the two linear functions are symmetrical with respect to the VF (y) axis.

·      Inverse Linear—The VF is an inverse linear function of the VRMA.

·      Symmetric Inverse Linear—The VF is an inverse linear function of the VRMA in either the negative or positive side of the VRMA, respectively, and the two linear functions are symmetrical with respect to the VF (y) axis.

·      Cos—The VF is the cosine-based function of the VRMA.

·      Sec—The VF is the secant-based function of the VRMA.

·      Cos-Sec—The VF is the cosine-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is negative and is the secant-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is nonnegative.

·      Sec-Cos—The VF is the secant-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is negative and is the cosine-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is nonnegative.

·      Table—A table file will be used to define the vertical-factor graph used to determine the VFs.

Modifiers to the vertical keywords are the following:

·      Zero factor—The vertical factor used when the VRMA is zero. This factor positions the y-intercept of the specified function. By definition, the zero factor is not applicable to any of the trigonometric vertical functions (COS, SEC, COS-SEC, or SEC-COS). The y-intercept is defined by these functions.

·      Low Cut angle—The VRMA angle below which the VF will be set to infinity.

·      High Cut angle—The VRMA angle above which the VF will be set to infinity.

·      Slope—The slope of the straight line used with the Linear and Inverse Linear vertical-factor keywords. The slope is specified as a fraction of rise over run (for example, 45 percent slope is 1/45, which is input as 0.02222).

·      Table name—The name of the table defining the VF.

Multiplier to apply to costs (optional)

The multiplier to apply to the cost values.

This allows for control of the mode of travel or the magnitude at a source. The greater the multiplier, the greater the cost to move through each cell.

The values must be greater than zero. The default is 1.

Start cost (optional)

The starting cost from which to begin the cost calculations.

Allows for the specification of the fixed cost associated with a source. Instead of starting at a cost of zero, the cost algorithm will begin with the value set by Start cost.

The values must be zero or greater. The default is 0.

Accumulative cost resistance rate (optional)

This parameter simulates the increase in the effort to overcome costs as the accumulative cost increases. It is used to model fatigue of the traveler. The growing accumulative cost to reach a cell is multiplied by the resistance rate and added to the cost to move into the subsequent cell.

It is a modified version of a compound interest rate formula that is used to calculate the apparent cost of moving through a cell. As the value of the resistance rate increases, it increases the cost of the cells that are visited later. The greater the resistance rate, the more additional cost is added to reach the next cell, which is compounded for each subsequent movement. Since the resistance rate is similar to a compound rate and generally the accumulative cost values are very large, small resistance rates are suggested, such as 0.02, 0.005, or even smaller, depending on the accumulative cost values.

The values must be zero or greater. The default is 0.

Capacity (optional)

The cost capacity for the traveler for a source.

The cost calculations continue for each source until the specified capacity is reached.

The values must be greater than zero. The default capacity is to the edge of the output raster.

Travel direction (optional)

Specifies the direction of the traveler when applying horizontal and vertical factors, the source resistance rate, and the source starting cost.

·      FROM_SOURCE—The horizontal factor, vertical factor, source resistance rate, and source starting cost will be applied beginning at the input source, and travel out to the nonsource cells. This is the default.

·      TO_SOURCE—The horizontal factor, vertical factor, source resistance rate, and source starting cost will be applied beginning at each nonsource cell and travel back to the input source.

If you select the String option, you can choose between from and to options, which will be applied to all sources.

If you select the Field option, you can select the field from the source data that determines the direction to use for each source. The field must contain the text string FROM_SOURCE or TO_SOURCE.

6.    Maximum distance (optional) أقصى مسافة (اختياري)

The threshold that the accumulative cost values cannot exceed.

If an accumulative cost distance value exceeds this value, the output value for the cell location will be NoData. The maximum distance is the extent for which the accumulative cost distances are calculated.

The default distance is to the edge of the output raster.

الحد الذي لا يمكن لقيم التكلفة التراكمية تجاوزه.

إذا تجاوزت قيمة مسافة التكلفة التراكمية هذه القيمة ، فستكون قيمة الإخراج لموقع الخلية NoData. أقصى مسافة هي المدى الذي يتم من خلاله حساب مسافات التكلفة التراكمية.

المسافة الافتراضية إلى حافة البيانات النقطية الناتجة.

Input value raster (optional)

The input integer raster that identifies the zone values that will be used for each input source location.

For each source location (cell or feature), the Input value raster value will be assigned to all cells allocated to the source location for the computation. The value raster will take precedence over the Source field parameter setting.

Output distance raster (optional)

The output path distance raster.

The output path distance raster identifies, for each cell, the least accumulative cost distance, over a cost surface to the identified source locations, while accounting for surface distance as well as horizontal and vertical surface factors.

A source can be a cell, a set of cells, or one or more feature locations.

The output raster is of floating-point type.

Output backlink raster (optional)

The output cost backlink raster.

The backlink raster contains values 0 through 8, which define the direction or identify the next neighboring cell (the succeeding cell) along the least accumulative cost path from a cell to reach its least-cost source, while accounting for surface distance as well as horizontal and vertical surface factors.

If the path is to pass into the right neighbor, the cell will be assigned the value 1, 2 for the lower right diagonal cell, and continue clockwise. The value 0 is reserved for source cells.

Input horizontal raster (optional)

A raster defining the horizontal direction at each cell.

The values on the raster must be integers ranging from 0 to 360, with 0 degrees being north, or toward the top of the screen, and increasing clockwise. Flat areas should be given a value of -1. The values at each location will be used in conjunction with the Horizontal factor to determine the horizontal cost incurred when moving from a cell to its neighbors.

Horizontal factor (optional)

Specifies the relationship between the horizontal cost factor and the horizontal relative moving angle (HRMA).

There are several factors with modifiers from which to select that identify a defined horizontal factor graph. Additionally, a table can be used to create a custom graph. The graphs are used to identify the horizontal factor used in calculating the total cost for moving into a neighboring cell.

In the descriptions below, two acronyms are used: HF stands for horizontal factor, which defines the horizontal difficulty encountered when moving from one cell to the next; and HRMA stands for horizontal relative moving angle, which identifies the angle between the horizontal direction from a cell and the moving direction.

The Horizontal factor options are as follows:

·      Binary—If the HRMA is less than the cut angle, the HF is set to the value associated with the zero factor; otherwise, it is infinity.

·      Forward—Only forward movement is allowed. The HRMA must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than 90 degrees (0 <= HRMA < 90). If the HRMA is greater than 0 and less than 45 degrees, the HF for the cell is set to the value associated with the zero factor. If the HRMA is greater than or equal to 45 degrees, the side value modifier value is used. The HF for any HRMA equal to or greater than 90 degrees is set to infinity.

·      Linear—The HF is a linear function of the HRMA.

·      Inverse Linear—The HF is an inverse linear function of the HRMA.

·      Table—A table file will be used to define the horizontal factor graph used to determine the HFs.

Modifiers to the horizontal factors are the following:

·      Zero factor—The horizontal factor to be used when the HRMA is zero. This factor positions the y-intercept for any of the horizontal factor functions.

·      Cut angle—The HRMA angle beyond which the HF will be set to infinity.

·      Slope—The slope of the straight line used with the Linear and Inverse Linear horizontal factor keywords. The slope is specified as a fraction of rise over run (for example, 45 percent slope is 1/45, which is input as 0.02222).

·      Side value—The HF when the HRMA is greater than or equal to 45 degrees and less than 90 degrees when the Forward horizontal factor keyword is specified.

·      Table name—The name of the table defining the HF.

Input vertical raster (optional)

A raster defining the z-values for each cell location.

The values are used for calculating the slope used to identify the vertical factor incurred when moving from one cell to another.

Vertical factor (optional)

Specifies the relationship between the vertical cost factor and the vertical relative moving angle (VRMA).

There are several factors with modifiers from which to select that identify a defined vertical factor graph. Additionally, a table can be used to create a custom graph. The graphs are used to identify the vertical factor used in calculating the total cost for moving into a neighboring cell.

In the descriptions below, two acronyms are used: VF stands for vertical factor, which defines the vertical difficulty encountered in moving from one cell to the next; and VRMA stands for vertical relative moving angle, which identifies the slope angle between the FROM or processing cell and the TO cell.

The Vertical factor options are as follows:

·      Binary—If the VRMA is greater than the low-cut angle and less than the high-cut angle, the VF is set to the value associated with the zero factor; otherwise, it is infinity.

·      Linear—The VF is a linear function of the VRMA.

·      Symmetric Linear—The VF is a linear function of the VRMA in either the negative or positive side of the VRMA, respectively, and the two linear functions are symmetrical with respect to the VF (y) axis.

·      Inverse Linear—The VF is an inverse linear function of the VRMA.

·      Symmetric Inverse Linear—The VF is an inverse linear function of the VRMA in either the negative or positive side of the VRMA, respectively, and the two linear functions are symmetrical with respect to the VF (y) axis.

·      Cos—The VF is the cosine-based function of the VRMA.

·      Sec—The VF is the secant-based function of the VRMA.

·      Cos-Sec—The VF is the cosine-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is negative and is the secant-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is nonnegative.

·      Sec-Cos—The VF is the secant-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is negative and is the cosine-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is nonnegative.

·      Table—A table file will be used to define the vertical-factor graph used to determine the VFs.

Modifiers to the vertical keywords are the following:

·      Zero factor—The vertical factor used when the VRMA is zero. This factor positions the y-intercept of the specified function. By definition, the zero factor is not applicable to any of the trigonometric vertical functions (COS, SEC, COS-SEC, or SEC-COS). The y-intercept is defined by these functions.

·      Low Cut angle—The VRMA angle below which the VF will be set to infinity.

·      High Cut angle—The VRMA angle above which the VF will be set to infinity.

·      Slope—The slope of the straight line used with the Linear and Inverse Linear vertical-factor keywords. The slope is specified as a fraction of rise over run (for example, 45 percent slope is 1/45, which is input as 0.02222).

·      Table name—The name of the table defining the VF.

Multiplier to apply to costs (optional)

The multiplier to apply to the cost values.

This allows for control of the mode of travel or the magnitude at a source. The greater the multiplier, the greater the cost to move through each cell.

The values must be greater than zero. The default is 1.

Start cost (optional)

The starting cost from which to begin the cost calculations.

Allows for the specification of the fixed cost associated with a source. Instead of starting at a cost of zero, the cost algorithm will begin with the value set by Start cost.

The values must be zero or greater. The default is 0.

Accumulative cost resistance rate (optional)

This parameter simulates the increase in the effort to overcome costs as the accumulative cost increases. It is used to model fatigue of the traveler. The growing accumulative cost to reach a cell is multiplied by the resistance rate and added to the cost to move into the subsequent cell.

It is a modified version of a compound interest rate formula that is used to calculate the apparent cost of moving through a cell. As the value of the resistance rate increases, it increases the cost of the cells that are visited later. The greater the resistance rate, the more additional cost is added to reach the next cell, which is compounded for each subsequent movement. Since the resistance rate is similar to a compound rate and generally the accumulative cost values are very large, small resistance rates are suggested, such as 0.02, 0.005, or even smaller, depending on the accumulative cost values.

The values must be zero or greater. The default is 0.

Capacity (optional)

The cost capacity for the traveler for a source.

The cost calculations continue for each source until the specified capacity is reached.

The values must be greater than zero. The default capacity is to the edge of the output raster.

Travel direction (optional)

Specifies the direction of the traveler when applying horizontal and vertical factors, the source resistance rate, and the source starting cost.

·      FROM_SOURCE—The horizontal factor, vertical factor, source resistance rate, and source starting cost will be applied beginning at the input source, and travel out to the nonsource cells. This is the default.

·      TO_SOURCE—The horizontal factor, vertical factor, source resistance rate, and source starting cost will be applied beginning at each nonsource cell and travel back to the input source.

If you select the String option, you can choose between from and to options, which will be applied to all sources.

If you select the Field option, you can select the field from the source data that determines the direction to use for each source. The field must contain the text string FROM_SOURCE or TO_SOURCE.

7.    Input value raster (optional) أدخل قيمة البيانات النقطية (اختياري)

The input integer raster that identifies the zone values that will be used for each input source location.

For each source location (cell or feature), the Input value raster value will be assigned to all cells allocated to the source location for the computation. The value raster will take precedence over the Source field parameter setting.

الرقم النقطي للإدخال الصحيح الذي يحدد قيم المنطقة التي سيتم استخدامها لكل موقع مصدر إدخال.

لكل موقع مصدر (خلية أو ميزة) ، سيتم تعيين قيمة البيانات النقطية لقيمة الإدخال لجميع الخلايا المخصصة لموقع المصدر من أجل الحساب. ستأخذ القيمة النقطية الأسبقية على إعداد معلمة الحقل المصدر.

Output distance raster (optional)

The output path distance raster.

The output path distance raster identifies, for each cell, the least accumulative cost distance, over a cost surface to the identified source locations, while accounting for surface distance as well as horizontal and vertical surface factors.

A source can be a cell, a set of cells, or one or more feature locations.

The output raster is of floating-point type.

Output backlink raster (optional)

The output cost backlink raster.

The backlink raster contains values 0 through 8, which define the direction or identify the next neighboring cell (the succeeding cell) along the least accumulative cost path from a cell to reach its least-cost source, while accounting for surface distance as well as horizontal and vertical surface factors.

If the path is to pass into the right neighbor, the cell will be assigned the value 1, 2 for the lower right diagonal cell, and continue clockwise. The value 0 is reserved for source cells.

Input horizontal raster (optional)

A raster defining the horizontal direction at each cell.

The values on the raster must be integers ranging from 0 to 360, with 0 degrees being north, or toward the top of the screen, and increasing clockwise. Flat areas should be given a value of -1. The values at each location will be used in conjunction with the Horizontal factor to determine the horizontal cost incurred when moving from a cell to its neighbors.

Horizontal factor (optional)

Specifies the relationship between the horizontal cost factor and the horizontal relative moving angle (HRMA).

There are several factors with modifiers from which to select that identify a defined horizontal factor graph. Additionally, a table can be used to create a custom graph. The graphs are used to identify the horizontal factor used in calculating the total cost for moving into a neighboring cell.

In the descriptions below, two acronyms are used: HF stands for horizontal factor, which defines the horizontal difficulty encountered when moving from one cell to the next; and HRMA stands for horizontal relative moving angle, which identifies the angle between the horizontal direction from a cell and the moving direction.

The Horizontal factor options are as follows:

·      Binary—If the HRMA is less than the cut angle, the HF is set to the value associated with the zero factor; otherwise, it is infinity.

·      Forward—Only forward movement is allowed. The HRMA must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than 90 degrees (0 <= HRMA < 90). If the HRMA is greater than 0 and less than 45 degrees, the HF for the cell is set to the value associated with the zero factor. If the HRMA is greater than or equal to 45 degrees, the side value modifier value is used. The HF for any HRMA equal to or greater than 90 degrees is set to infinity.

·      Linear—The HF is a linear function of the HRMA.

·      Inverse Linear—The HF is an inverse linear function of the HRMA.

·      Table—A table file will be used to define the horizontal factor graph used to determine the HFs.

Modifiers to the horizontal factors are the following:

·      Zero factor—The horizontal factor to be used when the HRMA is zero. This factor positions the y-intercept for any of the horizontal factor functions.

·      Cut angle—The HRMA angle beyond which the HF will be set to infinity.

·      Slope—The slope of the straight line used with the Linear and Inverse Linear horizontal factor keywords. The slope is specified as a fraction of rise over run (for example, 45 percent slope is 1/45, which is input as 0.02222).

·      Side value—The HF when the HRMA is greater than or equal to 45 degrees and less than 90 degrees when the Forward horizontal factor keyword is specified.

·      Table name—The name of the table defining the HF.

Input vertical raster (optional)

A raster defining the z-values for each cell location.

The values are used for calculating the slope used to identify the vertical factor incurred when moving from one cell to another.

Vertical factor (optional)

Specifies the relationship between the vertical cost factor and the vertical relative moving angle (VRMA).

There are several factors with modifiers from which to select that identify a defined vertical factor graph. Additionally, a table can be used to create a custom graph. The graphs are used to identify the vertical factor used in calculating the total cost for moving into a neighboring cell.

In the descriptions below, two acronyms are used: VF stands for vertical factor, which defines the vertical difficulty encountered in moving from one cell to the next; and VRMA stands for vertical relative moving angle, which identifies the slope angle between the FROM or processing cell and the TO cell.

The Vertical factor options are as follows:

·      Binary—If the VRMA is greater than the low-cut angle and less than the high-cut angle, the VF is set to the value associated with the zero factor; otherwise, it is infinity.

·      Linear—The VF is a linear function of the VRMA.

·      Symmetric Linear—The VF is a linear function of the VRMA in either the negative or positive side of the VRMA, respectively, and the two linear functions are symmetrical with respect to the VF (y) axis.

·      Inverse Linear—The VF is an inverse linear function of the VRMA.

·      Symmetric Inverse Linear—The VF is an inverse linear function of the VRMA in either the negative or positive side of the VRMA, respectively, and the two linear functions are symmetrical with respect to the VF (y) axis.

·      Cos—The VF is the cosine-based function of the VRMA.

·      Sec—The VF is the secant-based function of the VRMA.

·      Cos-Sec—The VF is the cosine-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is negative and is the secant-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is nonnegative.

·      Sec-Cos—The VF is the secant-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is negative and is the cosine-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is nonnegative.

·      Table—A table file will be used to define the vertical-factor graph used to determine the VFs.

Modifiers to the vertical keywords are the following:

·      Zero factor—The vertical factor used when the VRMA is zero. This factor positions the y-intercept of the specified function. By definition, the zero factor is not applicable to any of the trigonometric vertical functions (COS, SEC, COS-SEC, or SEC-COS). The y-intercept is defined by these functions.

·      Low Cut angle—The VRMA angle below which the VF will be set to infinity.

·      High Cut angle—The VRMA angle above which the VF will be set to infinity.

·      Slope—The slope of the straight line used with the Linear and Inverse Linear vertical-factor keywords. The slope is specified as a fraction of rise over run (for example, 45 percent slope is 1/45, which is input as 0.02222).

·      Table name—The name of the table defining the VF.

Multiplier to apply to costs (optional)

The multiplier to apply to the cost values.

This allows for control of the mode of travel or the magnitude at a source. The greater the multiplier, the greater the cost to move through each cell.

The values must be greater than zero. The default is 1.

Start cost (optional)

The starting cost from which to begin the cost calculations.

Allows for the specification of the fixed cost associated with a source. Instead of starting at a cost of zero, the cost algorithm will begin with the value set by Start cost.

The values must be zero or greater. The default is 0.

Accumulative cost resistance rate (optional)

This parameter simulates the increase in the effort to overcome costs as the accumulative cost increases. It is used to model fatigue of the traveler. The growing accumulative cost to reach a cell is multiplied by the resistance rate and added to the cost to move into the subsequent cell.

It is a modified version of a compound interest rate formula that is used to calculate the apparent cost of moving through a cell. As the value of the resistance rate increases, it increases the cost of the cells that are visited later. The greater the resistance rate, the more additional cost is added to reach the next cell, which is compounded for each subsequent movement. Since the resistance rate is similar to a compound rate and generally the accumulative cost values are very large, small resistance rates are suggested, such as 0.02, 0.005, or even smaller, depending on the accumulative cost values.

The values must be zero or greater. The default is 0.

Capacity (optional)

The cost capacity for the traveler for a source.

The cost calculations continue for each source until the specified capacity is reached.

The values must be greater than zero. The default capacity is to the edge of the output raster.

Travel direction (optional)

Specifies the direction of the traveler when applying horizontal and vertical factors, the source resistance rate, and the source starting cost.

·      FROM_SOURCE—The horizontal factor, vertical factor, source resistance rate, and source starting cost will be applied beginning at the input source, and travel out to the nonsource cells. This is the default.

·      TO_SOURCE—The horizontal factor, vertical factor, source resistance rate, and source starting cost will be applied beginning at each nonsource cell and travel back to the input source.

If you select the String option, you can choose between from and to options, which will be applied to all sources.

If you select the Field option, you can select the field from the source data that determines the direction to use for each source. The field must contain the text string FROM_SOURCE or TO_SOURCE.

8.    Output distance raster (optional) مخرج مسافة البيانات النقطية (اختياري)

The output path distance raster.

The output path distance raster identifies, for each cell, the least accumulative cost distance, over a cost surface to the identified source locations, while accounting for surface distance as well as horizontal and vertical surface factors.

A source can be a cell, a set of cells, or one or more feature locations.

The output raster is of floating-point type.

مسافة مسار الإخراج النقطية.

تحدد المسافة النقطية لمسار الإخراج ، لكل خلية ، أقل مسافة تكلفة تراكمية ، على سطح التكلفة إلى مواقع المصدر المحددة ، مع حساب مسافة السطح بالإضافة إلى عوامل السطح الأفقية والرأسية.

يمكن أن يكون المصدر خلية أو مجموعة من الخلايا أو موقع معلم واحد أو أكثر.

النقطية الناتجة هي من نوع النقطة العائمة.

Output backlink raster (optional)

The output cost backlink raster.

The backlink raster contains values 0 through 8, which define the direction or identify the next neighboring cell (the succeeding cell) along the least accumulative cost path from a cell to reach its least-cost source, while accounting for surface distance as well as horizontal and vertical surface factors.

If the path is to pass into the right neighbor, the cell will be assigned the value 1, 2 for the lower right diagonal cell, and continue clockwise. The value 0 is reserved for source cells.

Input horizontal raster (optional)

A raster defining the horizontal direction at each cell.

The values on the raster must be integers ranging from 0 to 360, with 0 degrees being north, or toward the top of the screen, and increasing clockwise. Flat areas should be given a value of -1. The values at each location will be used in conjunction with the Horizontal factor to determine the horizontal cost incurred when moving from a cell to its neighbors.

Horizontal factor (optional)

Specifies the relationship between the horizontal cost factor and the horizontal relative moving angle (HRMA).

There are several factors with modifiers from which to select that identify a defined horizontal factor graph. Additionally, a table can be used to create a custom graph. The graphs are used to identify the horizontal factor used in calculating the total cost for moving into a neighboring cell.

In the descriptions below, two acronyms are used: HF stands for horizontal factor, which defines the horizontal difficulty encountered when moving from one cell to the next; and HRMA stands for horizontal relative moving angle, which identifies the angle between the horizontal direction from a cell and the moving direction.

The Horizontal factor options are as follows:

·      Binary—If the HRMA is less than the cut angle, the HF is set to the value associated with the zero factor; otherwise, it is infinity.

·      Forward—Only forward movement is allowed. The HRMA must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than 90 degrees (0 <= HRMA < 90). If the HRMA is greater than 0 and less than 45 degrees, the HF for the cell is set to the value associated with the zero factor. If the HRMA is greater than or equal to 45 degrees, the side value modifier value is used. The HF for any HRMA equal to or greater than 90 degrees is set to infinity.

·      Linear—The HF is a linear function of the HRMA.

·      Inverse Linear—The HF is an inverse linear function of the HRMA.

·      Table—A table file will be used to define the horizontal factor graph used to determine the HFs.

Modifiers to the horizontal factors are the following:

·      Zero factor—The horizontal factor to be used when the HRMA is zero. This factor positions the y-intercept for any of the horizontal factor functions.

·      Cut angle—The HRMA angle beyond which the HF will be set to infinity.

·      Slope—The slope of the straight line used with the Linear and Inverse Linear horizontal factor keywords. The slope is specified as a fraction of rise over run (for example, 45 percent slope is 1/45, which is input as 0.02222).

·      Side value—The HF when the HRMA is greater than or equal to 45 degrees and less than 90 degrees when the Forward horizontal factor keyword is specified.

·      Table name—The name of the table defining the HF.

Input vertical raster (optional)

A raster defining the z-values for each cell location.

The values are used for calculating the slope used to identify the vertical factor incurred when moving from one cell to another.

Vertical factor (optional)

Specifies the relationship between the vertical cost factor and the vertical relative moving angle (VRMA).

There are several factors with modifiers from which to select that identify a defined vertical factor graph. Additionally, a table can be used to create a custom graph. The graphs are used to identify the vertical factor used in calculating the total cost for moving into a neighboring cell.

In the descriptions below, two acronyms are used: VF stands for vertical factor, which defines the vertical difficulty encountered in moving from one cell to the next; and VRMA stands for vertical relative moving angle, which identifies the slope angle between the FROM or processing cell and the TO cell.

The Vertical factor options are as follows:

·      Binary—If the VRMA is greater than the low-cut angle and less than the high-cut angle, the VF is set to the value associated with the zero factor; otherwise, it is infinity.

·      Linear—The VF is a linear function of the VRMA.

·      Symmetric Linear—The VF is a linear function of the VRMA in either the negative or positive side of the VRMA, respectively, and the two linear functions are symmetrical with respect to the VF (y) axis.

·      Inverse Linear—The VF is an inverse linear function of the VRMA.

·      Symmetric Inverse Linear—The VF is an inverse linear function of the VRMA in either the negative or positive side of the VRMA, respectively, and the two linear functions are symmetrical with respect to the VF (y) axis.

·      Cos—The VF is the cosine-based function of the VRMA.

·      Sec—The VF is the secant-based function of the VRMA.

·      Cos-Sec—The VF is the cosine-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is negative and is the secant-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is nonnegative.

·      Sec-Cos—The VF is the secant-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is negative and is the cosine-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is nonnegative.

·      Table—A table file will be used to define the vertical-factor graph used to determine the VFs.

Modifiers to the vertical keywords are the following:

·      Zero factor—The vertical factor used when the VRMA is zero. This factor positions the y-intercept of the specified function. By definition, the zero factor is not applicable to any of the trigonometric vertical functions (COS, SEC, COS-SEC, or SEC-COS). The y-intercept is defined by these functions.

·      Low Cut angle—The VRMA angle below which the VF will be set to infinity.

·      High Cut angle—The VRMA angle above which the VF will be set to infinity.

·      Slope—The slope of the straight line used with the Linear and Inverse Linear vertical-factor keywords. The slope is specified as a fraction of rise over run (for example, 45 percent slope is 1/45, which is input as 0.02222).

·      Table name—The name of the table defining the VF.

Multiplier to apply to costs (optional)

The multiplier to apply to the cost values.

This allows for control of the mode of travel or the magnitude at a source. The greater the multiplier, the greater the cost to move through each cell.

The values must be greater than zero. The default is 1.

Start cost (optional)

The starting cost from which to begin the cost calculations.

Allows for the specification of the fixed cost associated with a source. Instead of starting at a cost of zero, the cost algorithm will begin with the value set by Start cost.

The values must be zero or greater. The default is 0.

Accumulative cost resistance rate (optional)

This parameter simulates the increase in the effort to overcome costs as the accumulative cost increases. It is used to model fatigue of the traveler. The growing accumulative cost to reach a cell is multiplied by the resistance rate and added to the cost to move into the subsequent cell.

It is a modified version of a compound interest rate formula that is used to calculate the apparent cost of moving through a cell. As the value of the resistance rate increases, it increases the cost of the cells that are visited later. The greater the resistance rate, the more additional cost is added to reach the next cell, which is compounded for each subsequent movement. Since the resistance rate is similar to a compound rate and generally the accumulative cost values are very large, small resistance rates are suggested, such as 0.02, 0.005, or even smaller, depending on the accumulative cost values.

The values must be zero or greater. The default is 0.

Capacity (optional)

The cost capacity for the traveler for a source.

The cost calculations continue for each source until the specified capacity is reached.

The values must be greater than zero. The default capacity is to the edge of the output raster.

Travel direction (optional)

Specifies the direction of the traveler when applying horizontal and vertical factors, the source resistance rate, and the source starting cost.

·      FROM_SOURCE—The horizontal factor, vertical factor, source resistance rate, and source starting cost will be applied beginning at the input source, and travel out to the nonsource cells. This is the default.

·      TO_SOURCE—The horizontal factor, vertical factor, source resistance rate, and source starting cost will be applied beginning at each nonsource cell and travel back to the input source.

If you select the String option, you can choose between from and to options, which will be applied to all sources.

If you select the Field option, you can select the field from the source data that determines the direction to use for each source. The field must contain the text string FROM_SOURCE or TO_SOURCE.

9.    Output backlink raster (optional) مخرج الرابط الخارجي للبيانات النقطية (اختياري)

The output cost backlink raster.

The backlink raster contains values 0 through 8, which define the direction or identify the next neighboring cell (the succeeding cell) along the least accumulative cost path from a cell to reach its least-cost source, while accounting for surface distance as well as horizontal and vertical surface factors.

If the path is to pass into the right neighbor, the cell will be assigned the value 1, 2 for the lower right diagonal cell, and continue clockwise. The value 0 is reserved for source cells.

تكلفة الخرج النقطية للوصلة الخلفية.

تحتوي البيانات النقطية للوصلة الخلفية على القيم من 0 إلى 8 ، والتي تحدد الاتجاه أو تحدد الخلية المجاورة التالية (الخلية التالية) على طول مسار التكلفة الأقل تراكمًا من الخلية للوصول إلى مصدرها الأقل تكلفة ، مع مراعاة المسافة السطحية وكذلك الأفقية وعوامل السطح العمودي.

إذا كان المسار سيمر إلى الجار الأيمن ، فسيتم تعيين القيمة 1 ، 2 للخلية القطرية السفلية اليمنى للخلية ، والمتابعة في اتجاه عقارب الساعة. القيمة 0 محجوزة للخلايا المصدر.

Input horizontal raster (optional)

A raster defining the horizontal direction at each cell.

The values on the raster must be integers ranging from 0 to 360, with 0 degrees being north, or toward the top of the screen, and increasing clockwise. Flat areas should be given a value of -1. The values at each location will be used in conjunction with the Horizontal factor to determine the horizontal cost incurred when moving from a cell to its neighbors.

Horizontal factor (optional)

Specifies the relationship between the horizontal cost factor and the horizontal relative moving angle (HRMA).

There are several factors with modifiers from which to select that identify a defined horizontal factor graph. Additionally, a table can be used to create a custom graph. The graphs are used to identify the horizontal factor used in calculating the total cost for moving into a neighboring cell.

In the descriptions below, two acronyms are used: HF stands for horizontal factor, which defines the horizontal difficulty encountered when moving from one cell to the next; and HRMA stands for horizontal relative moving angle, which identifies the angle between the horizontal direction from a cell and the moving direction.

The Horizontal factor options are as follows:

· Binary—If the HRMA is less than the cut angle, the HF is set to the value associated with the zero factor; otherwise, it is infinity.

· Forward—Only forward movement is allowed. The HRMA must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than 90 degrees (0 <= HRMA < 90). If the HRMA is greater than 0 and less than 45 degrees, the HF for the cell is set to the value associated with the zero factor. If the HRMA is greater than or equal to 45 degrees, the side value modifier value is used. The HF for any HRMA equal to or greater than 90 degrees is set to infinity.

· Linear—The HF is a linear function of the HRMA.

· Inverse Linear—The HF is an inverse linear function of the HRMA.

· Table—A table file will be used to define the horizontal factor graph used to determine the HFs.

Modifiers to the horizontal factors are the following:

· Zero factor—The horizontal factor to be used when the HRMA is zero. This factor positions the y-intercept for any of the horizontal factor functions.

· Cut angle—The HRMA angle beyond which the HF will be set to infinity.

· Slope—The slope of the straight line used with the Linear and Inverse Linear horizontal factor keywords. The slope is specified as a fraction of rise over run (for example, 45 percent slope is 1/45, which is input as 0.02222).

· Side value—The HF when the HRMA is greater than or equal to 45 degrees and less than 90 degrees when the Forward horizontal factor keyword is specified.

· Table name—The name of the table defining the HF.

Input vertical raster (optional)

A raster defining the z-values for each cell location.

The values are used for calculating the slope used to identify the vertical factor incurred when moving from one cell to another.

Vertical factor (optional)

Specifies the relationship between the vertical cost factor and the vertical relative moving angle (VRMA).

There are several factors with modifiers from which to select that identify a defined vertical factor graph. Additionally, a table can be used to create a custom graph. The graphs are used to identify the vertical factor used in calculating the total cost for moving into a neighboring cell.

In the descriptions below, two acronyms are used: VF stands for vertical factor, which defines the vertical difficulty encountered in moving from one cell to the next; and VRMA stands for vertical relative moving angle, which identifies the slope angle between the FROM or processing cell and the TO cell.

The Vertical factor options are as follows:

· Binary—If the VRMA is greater than the low-cut angle and less than the high-cut angle, the VF is set to the value associated with the zero factor; otherwise, it is infinity.

· Linear—The VF is a linear function of the VRMA.

· Symmetric Linear—The VF is a linear function of the VRMA in either the negative or positive side of the VRMA, respectively, and the two linear functions are symmetrical with respect to the VF (y) axis.

· Inverse Linear—The VF is an inverse linear function of the VRMA.

· Symmetric Inverse Linear—The VF is an inverse linear function of the VRMA in either the negative or positive side of the VRMA, respectively, and the two linear functions are symmetrical with respect to the VF (y) axis.

· Cos—The VF is the cosine-based function of the VRMA.

· Sec—The VF is the secant-based function of the VRMA.

· Cos-Sec—The VF is the cosine-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is negative and is the secant-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is nonnegative.

· Sec-Cos—The VF is the secant-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is negative and is the cosine-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is nonnegative.

· Table—A table file will be used to define the vertical-factor graph used to determine the VFs.

Modifiers to the vertical keywords are the following:

· Zero factor—The vertical factor used when the VRMA is zero. This factor positions the y-intercept of the specified function. By definition, the zero factor is not applicable to any of the trigonometric vertical functions (COS, SEC, COS-SEC, or SEC-COS). The y-intercept is defined by these functions.

· Low Cut angle—The VRMA angle below which the VF will be set to infinity.

· High Cut angle—The VRMA angle above which the VF will be set to infinity.

· Slope—The slope of the straight line used with the Linear and Inverse Linear vertical-factor keywords. The slope is specified as a fraction of rise over run (for example, 45 percent slope is 1/45, which is input as 0.02222).

· Table name—The name of the table defining the VF.

Multiplier to apply to costs (optional)

The multiplier to apply to the cost values.

This allows for control of the mode of travel or the magnitude at a source. The greater the multiplier, the greater the cost to move through each cell.

The values must be greater than zero. The default is 1.

Start cost (optional)

The starting cost from which to begin the cost calculations.

Allows for the specification of the fixed cost associated with a source. Instead of starting at a cost of zero, the cost algorithm will begin with the value set by Start cost.

The values must be zero or greater. The default is 0.

Accumulative cost resistance rate (optional)

This parameter simulates the increase in the effort to overcome costs as the accumulative cost increases. It is used to model fatigue of the traveler. The growing accumulative cost to reach a cell is multiplied by the resistance rate and added to the cost to move into the subsequent cell.

It is a modified version of a compound interest rate formula that is used to calculate the apparent cost of moving through a cell. As the value of the resistance rate increases, it increases the cost of the cells that are visited later. The greater the resistance rate, the more additional cost is added to reach the next cell, which is compounded for each subsequent movement. Since the resistance rate is similar to a compound rate and generally the accumulative cost values are very large, small resistance rates are suggested, such as 0.02, 0.005, or even smaller, depending on the accumulative cost values.

The values must be zero or greater. The default is 0.

Capacity (optional)

The cost capacity for the traveler for a source.

The cost calculations continue for each source until the specified capacity is reached.

The values must be greater than zero. The default capacity is to the edge of the output raster.

Travel direction (optional)

Specifies the direction of the traveler when applying horizontal and vertical factors, the source resistance rate, and the source starting cost.

· FROM_SOURCE—The horizontal factor, vertical factor, source resistance rate, and source starting cost will be applied beginning at the input source, and travel out to the nonsource cells. This is the default.

· TO_SOURCE—The horizontal factor, vertical factor, source resistance rate, and source starting cost will be applied beginning at each nonsource cell and travel back to the input source.

If you select the String option, you can choose between from and to options, which will be applied to all sources.

If you select the Field option, you can select the field from the source data that determines the direction to use for each source. The field must contain the text string FROM_SOURCE or TO_SOURCE.

10. Input horizontal raster (optional) إدخال بيانات نقطية أفقي (اختياري)

A raster defining the horizontal direction at each cell.

The values on the raster must be integers ranging from 0 to 360, with 0 degrees being north, or toward the top of the screen, and increasing clockwise. Flat areas should be given a value of -1. The values at each location will be used in conjunction with the Horizontal factor to determine the horizontal cost incurred when moving from a cell to its neighbors.

نقطية تحدد الاتجاه الأفقي في كل خلية.

يجب أن تكون القيم الموجودة في البيانات النقطية أعدادًا صحيحة تتراوح من 0 إلى 360 ، بحيث تكون 0 درجة شمالًا ، أو باتجاه الجزء العلوي من الشاشة ، وتتزايد في اتجاه عقارب الساعة. يجب إعطاء المساحات المستوية القيمة -1. سيتم استخدام القيم في كل موقع بالاقتران مع العامل الأفقي لتحديد التكلفة الأفقية المتكبدة عند الانتقال من خلية إلى جيرانها.

Horizontal factor (optional)

Specifies the relationship between the horizontal cost factor and the horizontal relative moving angle (HRMA).

There are several factors with modifiers from which to select that identify a defined horizontal factor graph. Additionally, a table can be used to create a custom graph. The graphs are used to identify the horizontal factor used in calculating the total cost for moving into a neighboring cell.

In the descriptions below, two acronyms are used: HF stands for horizontal factor, which defines the horizontal difficulty encountered when moving from one cell to the next; and HRMA stands for horizontal relative moving angle, which identifies the angle between the horizontal direction from a cell and the moving direction.

The Horizontal factor options are as follows:

· Binary—If the HRMA is less than the cut angle, the HF is set to the value associated with the zero factor; otherwise, it is infinity.

· Forward—Only forward movement is allowed. The HRMA must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than 90 degrees (0 <= HRMA < 90). If the HRMA is greater than 0 and less than 45 degrees, the HF for the cell is set to the value associated with the zero factor. If the HRMA is greater than or equal to 45 degrees, the side value modifier value is used. The HF for any HRMA equal to or greater than 90 degrees is set to infinity.

· Linear—The HF is a linear function of the HRMA.

· Inverse Linear—The HF is an inverse linear function of the HRMA.

· Table—A table file will be used to define the horizontal factor graph used to determine the HFs.

Modifiers to the horizontal factors are the following:

· Zero factor—The horizontal factor to be used when the HRMA is zero. This factor positions the y-intercept for any of the horizontal factor functions.

· Cut angle—The HRMA angle beyond which the HF will be set to infinity.

· Slope—The slope of the straight line used with the Linear and Inverse Linear horizontal factor keywords. The slope is specified as a fraction of rise over run (for example, 45 percent slope is 1/45, which is input as 0.02222).

· Side value—The HF when the HRMA is greater than or equal to 45 degrees and less than 90 degrees when the Forward horizontal factor keyword is specified.

· Table name—The name of the table defining the HF.

Input vertical raster (optional)

A raster defining the z-values for each cell location.

The values are used for calculating the slope used to identify the vertical factor incurred when moving from one cell to another.

Vertical factor (optional)

Specifies the relationship between the vertical cost factor and the vertical relative moving angle (VRMA).

There are several factors with modifiers from which to select that identify a defined vertical factor graph. Additionally, a table can be used to create a custom graph. The graphs are used to identify the vertical factor used in calculating the total cost for moving into a neighboring cell.

In the descriptions below, two acronyms are used: VF stands for vertical factor, which defines the vertical difficulty encountered in moving from one cell to the next; and VRMA stands for vertical relative moving angle, which identifies the slope angle between the FROM or processing cell and the TO cell.

The Vertical factor options are as follows:

· Binary—If the VRMA is greater than the low-cut angle and less than the high-cut angle, the VF is set to the value associated with the zero factor; otherwise, it is infinity.

· Linear—The VF is a linear function of the VRMA.

· Symmetric Linear—The VF is a linear function of the VRMA in either the negative or positive side of the VRMA, respectively, and the two linear functions are symmetrical with respect to the VF (y) axis.

· Inverse Linear—The VF is an inverse linear function of the VRMA.

· Symmetric Inverse Linear—The VF is an inverse linear function of the VRMA in either the negative or positive side of the VRMA, respectively, and the two linear functions are symmetrical with respect to the VF (y) axis.

· Cos—The VF is the cosine-based function of the VRMA.

· Sec—The VF is the secant-based function of the VRMA.

· Cos-Sec—The VF is the cosine-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is negative and is the secant-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is nonnegative.

· Sec-Cos—The VF is the secant-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is negative and is the cosine-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is nonnegative.

· Table—A table file will be used to define the vertical-factor graph used to determine the VFs.

Modifiers to the vertical keywords are the following:

· Zero factor—The vertical factor used when the VRMA is zero. This factor positions the y-intercept of the specified function. By definition, the zero factor is not applicable to any of the trigonometric vertical functions (COS, SEC, COS-SEC, or SEC-COS). The y-intercept is defined by these functions.

· Low Cut angle—The VRMA angle below which the VF will be set to infinity.

· High Cut angle—The VRMA angle above which the VF will be set to infinity.

· Slope—The slope of the straight line used with the Linear and Inverse Linear vertical-factor keywords. The slope is specified as a fraction of rise over run (for example, 45 percent slope is 1/45, which is input as 0.02222).

· Table name—The name of the table defining the VF.

Multiplier to apply to costs (optional)

The multiplier to apply to the cost values.

This allows for control of the mode of travel or the magnitude at a source. The greater the multiplier, the greater the cost to move through each cell.

The values must be greater than zero. The default is 1.

Start cost (optional)

The starting cost from which to begin the cost calculations.

Allows for the specification of the fixed cost associated with a source. Instead of starting at a cost of zero, the cost algorithm will begin with the value set by Start cost.

The values must be zero or greater. The default is 0.

Accumulative cost resistance rate (optional)

This parameter simulates the increase in the effort to overcome costs as the accumulative cost increases. It is used to model fatigue of the traveler. The growing accumulative cost to reach a cell is multiplied by the resistance rate and added to the cost to move into the subsequent cell.

It is a modified version of a compound interest rate formula that is used to calculate the apparent cost of moving through a cell. As the value of the resistance rate increases, it increases the cost of the cells that are visited later. The greater the resistance rate, the more additional cost is added to reach the next cell, which is compounded for each subsequent movement. Since the resistance rate is similar to a compound rate and generally the accumulative cost values are very large, small resistance rates are suggested, such as 0.02, 0.005, or even smaller, depending on the accumulative cost values.

The values must be zero or greater. The default is 0.

Capacity (optional)

The cost capacity for the traveler for a source.

The cost calculations continue for each source until the specified capacity is reached.

The values must be greater than zero. The default capacity is to the edge of the output raster.

Travel direction (optional)

Specifies the direction of the traveler when applying horizontal and vertical factors, the source resistance rate, and the source starting cost.

· FROM_SOURCE—The horizontal factor, vertical factor, source resistance rate, and source starting cost will be applied beginning at the input source, and travel out to the nonsource cells. This is the default.

· TO_SOURCE—The horizontal factor, vertical factor, source resistance rate, and source starting cost will be applied beginning at each nonsource cell and travel back to the input source.

If you select the String option, you can choose between from and to options, which will be applied to all sources.

If you select the Field option, you can select the field from the source data that determines the direction to use for each source. The field must contain the text string FROM_SOURCE or TO_SOURCE.

11. Input vertical raster (optional) إدخال بيانات نقطية عمودي (اختياري)

A raster defining the z-values for each cell location.

The values are used for calculating the slope used to identify the vertical factor incurred when moving from one cell to another.

نقطية تحدد قيم z لكل موقع خلية.

يتم استخدام القيم لحساب المنحدر المستخدم لتحديد العامل الرأسي الذي يتم تكبده عند الانتقال من خلية إلى أخرى.

Vertical factor (optional)

Specifies the relationship between the vertical cost factor and the vertical relative moving angle (VRMA).

There are several factors with modifiers from which to select that identify a defined vertical factor graph. Additionally, a table can be used to create a custom graph. The graphs are used to identify the vertical factor used in calculating the total cost for moving into a neighboring cell.

In the descriptions below, two acronyms are used: VF stands for vertical factor, which defines the vertical difficulty encountered in moving from one cell to the next; and VRMA stands for vertical relative moving angle, which identifies the slope angle between the FROM or processing cell and the TO cell.

The Vertical factor options are as follows:

· Binary—If the VRMA is greater than the low-cut angle and less than the high-cut angle, the VF is set to the value associated with the zero factor; otherwise, it is infinity.

· Linear—The VF is a linear function of the VRMA.

· Symmetric Linear—The VF is a linear function of the VRMA in either the negative or positive side of the VRMA, respectively, and the two linear functions are symmetrical with respect to the VF (y) axis.

· Inverse Linear—The VF is an inverse linear function of the VRMA.

· Symmetric Inverse Linear—The VF is an inverse linear function of the VRMA in either the negative or positive side of the VRMA, respectively, and the two linear functions are symmetrical with respect to the VF (y) axis.

· Cos—The VF is the cosine-based function of the VRMA.

· Sec—The VF is the secant-based function of the VRMA.

· Cos-Sec—The VF is the cosine-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is negative and is the secant-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is nonnegative.

· Sec-Cos—The VF is the secant-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is negative and is the cosine-based function of the VRMA when the VRMA is nonnegative.

· Table—A table file will be used to define the vertical-factor graph used to determine the VFs.

Modifiers to the vertical keywords are the following:

· Zero factor—The vertical factor used when the VRMA is zero. This factor positions the y-intercept of the specified function. By definition, the zero factor is not applicable to any of the trigonometric vertical functions (COS, SEC, COS-SEC, or SEC-COS). The y-intercept is defined by these functions.

· Low Cut angle—The VRMA angle below which the VF will be set to infinity.

· High Cut angle—The VRMA angle above which the VF will be set to infinity.

· Slope—The slope of the straight line used with the Linear and Inverse Linear vertical-factor keywords. The slope is specified as a fraction of rise over run (for example, 45 percent slope is 1/45, which is input as 0.02222).

· Table name—The name of the table defining the VF.

Multiplier to apply to costs (optional)

The multiplier to apply to the cost values.

This allows for control of the mode of travel or the magnitude at a source. The greater the multiplier, the greater the cost to move through each cell.

The values must be greater than zero. The default is 1.

Start cost (optional)

The starting cost from which to begin the cost calculations.

Allows for the specification of the fixed cost associated with a source. Instead of starting at a cost of zero, the cost algorithm will begin with the value set by Start cost.

The values must be zero or greater. The default is 0.

Accumulative cost resistance rate (optional)

This parameter simulates the increase in the effort to overcome costs as the accumulative cost increases. It is used to model fatigue of the traveler. The growing accumulative cost to reach a cell is multiplied by the resistance rate and added to the cost to move into the subsequent cell.

It is a modified version of a compound interest rate formula that is used to calculate the apparent cost of moving through a cell. As the value of the resistance rate increases, it increases the cost of the cells that are visited later. The greater the resistance rate, the more additional cost is added to reach the next cell, which is compounded for each subsequent movement. Since the resistance rate is similar to a compound rate and generally the accumulative cost values are very large, small resistance rates are suggested, such as 0.02, 0.005, or even smaller, depending on the accumulative cost values.

The values must be zero or greater. The default is 0.

Capacity (optional)

The cost capacity for the traveler for a source.

The cost calculations continue for each source until the specified capacity is reached.

The values must be greater than zero. The default capacity is to the edge of the output raster.

Travel direction (optional)

Specifies the direction of the traveler when applying horizontal and vertical factors, the source resistance rate, and the source starting cost.

· FROM_SOURCE—The horizontal factor, vertical factor, source resistance rate, and source starting cost will be applied beginning at the input source, and travel out to the nonsource cells. This is the default.

· TO_SOURCE—The horizontal factor, vertical factor, source resistance rate, and source starting cost will be applied beginning at each nonsource cell and travel back to the input source.

If you select the String option, you can choose between from and to options, which will be applied to all sources.

If you select the Field option, you can select the field from the source data that determines the direction to use for each source. The field must contain the text string FROM_SOURCE or TO_SOURCE.

12. Vertical factor (optional) العامل الرأسي (اختياري)

Specifies the relationship between the vertical cost factor and the vertical relative moving angle (VRMA).

تحدد العلاقة بين عامل التكلفة الرأسي وزاوية الحركة النسبية العمودية (VRMA).

هناك العديد من العوامل ذات المعدلات التي يمكن من خلالها تحديد الرسم البياني للعامل الرأسي المحدد. بالإضافة إلى ذلك ، يمكن استخدام الجدول لإنشاء رسم بياني مخصص. تُستخدم الرسوم البيانية لتحديد العامل الرأسي المستخدم في حساب التكلفة الإجمالية للانتقال إلى خلية مجاورة.

في الأوصاف أدناه ، يتم استخدام اثنين من الاختصارات: VF تعني العامل الرأسي ، والذي يحدد الصعوبة الرأسية التي يتم مواجهتها في الانتقال من خلية إلى أخرى ؛ يرمز VRMA إلى زاوية الحركة النسبية العمودية ، والتي تحدد زاوية الانحدار بين خلية FROM أو خلية المعالجة وخلية TO.

خيارات العامل الرأسي هي كما يلي:

• ثنائي - إذا كانت VRMA أكبر من زاوية القطع المنخفض وأقل من زاوية القطع المرتفع ، يتم ضبط VF على القيمة المرتبطة بعامل الصفر ؛ خلاف ذلك ، فمن اللانهاية.

• الخطي - VF هو دالة خطية من VRMA.

• خطي متماثل - VF هي دالة خطية لـ VRMA في الجانب السالب أو الموجب من VRMA ، على التوالي ، والدالتان الخطيتان متماثلتان فيما يتعلق بمحور VF (y).

• معكوس خطي - VF هو دالة خطية معكوسة من VRMA.

• معكوس خطي متماثل - VF هي دالة خطية عكسية من VRMA في الجانب السالب أو الموجب من VRMA ، على التوالي ، والدالتان الخطيتان متماثلتان فيما يتعلق بمحور VF (y).

• Cos — VF هي دالة مستندة إلى جيب التمام لـ VRMA.

• Sec - VF هي الوظيفة المستندة إلى القاطع لـ VRMA.

• Cos-Sec - VF هي الوظيفة المستندة إلى جيب التمام لـ VRMA عندما تكون VRMA سالبة وهي الوظيفة المستندة إلى القاطع لـ VRMA عندما تكون VRMA غير سالبة.

• Sec-Cos — VF هي الوظيفة المستندة إلى القاطع لـ VRMA عندما تكون VRMA سالبة وهي الوظيفة المستندة إلى جيب التمام لـ VRMA عندما تكون VRMA غير سالبة.

• جدول - سيتم استخدام ملف الجدول لتحديد الرسم البياني للعامل الرأسي المستخدم لتحديد VFs.

المعدلات للكلمات الرئيسية الرأسية هي كما يلي:

• العامل الصفري - العامل الرأسي المستخدم عندما يكون VRMA صفرًا. يضع هذا العامل موضع تقاطع y للدالة المحددة. بحكم التعريف ، لا ينطبق عامل الصفر على أي من الدوال العمودية المثلثية (COS أو SEC أو COS-SEC أو SEC-COS). يتم تحديد تقاطع y بواسطة هذه الوظائف.

• زاوية القطع المنخفضة - زاوية VRMA التي تحتها سيتم ضبط VF على اللانهاية.

• زاوية القطع العالية - زاوية VRMA التي فوقها سيتم ضبط VF على ما لا نهاية.

• المنحدر - ميل الخط المستقيم المستخدم مع الكلمات الأساسية ذات العامل الرأسي الخطي والمعكوس. يتم تحديد المنحدر على أنه جزء من الارتفاع على المدى (على سبيل المثال ، 45 في المائة منحدر هو 1/45 ، والذي يتم إدخاله على أنه 0.02222).

• اسم الجدول - اسم الجدول الذي يعرف VF.

Multiplier to apply to costs (optional)

The multiplier to apply to the cost values.

This allows for control of the mode of travel or the magnitude at a source. The greater the multiplier, the greater the cost to move through each cell.

The values must be greater than zero. The default is 1.

Start cost (optional)

The starting cost from which to begin the cost calculations.

Allows for the specification of the fixed cost associated with a source. Instead of starting at a cost of zero, the cost algorithm will begin with the value set by Start cost.

The values must be zero or greater. The default is 0.

Accumulative cost resistance rate (optional)

This parameter simulates the increase in the effort to overcome costs as the accumulative cost increases. It is used to model fatigue of the traveler. The growing accumulative cost to reach a cell is multiplied by the resistance rate and added to the cost to move into the subsequent cell.

It is a modified version of a compound interest rate formula that is used to calculate the apparent cost of moving through a cell. As the value of the resistance rate increases, it increases the cost of the cells that are visited later. The greater the resistance rate, the more additional cost is added to reach the next cell, which is compounded for each subsequent movement. Since the resistance rate is similar to a compound rate and generally the accumulative cost values are very large, small resistance rates are suggested, such as 0.02, 0.005, or even smaller, depending on the accumulative cost values.

The values must be zero or greater. The default is 0.

Capacity (optional)

The cost capacity for the traveler for a source.

The cost calculations continue for each source until the specified capacity is reached.

The values must be greater than zero. The default capacity is to the edge of the output raster.

Travel direction (optional)

Specifies the direction of the traveler when applying horizontal and vertical factors, the source resistance rate, and the source starting cost.

· FROM_SOURCE—The horizontal factor, vertical factor, source resistance rate, and source starting cost will be applied beginning at the input source, and travel out to the nonsource cells. This is the default.

· TO_SOURCE—The horizontal factor, vertical factor, source resistance rate, and source starting cost will be applied beginning at each nonsource cell and travel back to the input source.

If you select the String option, you can choose between from and to options, which will be applied to all sources.

If you select the Field option, you can select the field from the source data that determines the direction to use for each source. The field must contain the text string FROM_SOURCE or TO_SOURCE.

13. Multiplier to apply to costs (optional) المضاعف لتطبيقه على التكاليف (اختياري)

The multiplier to apply to the cost values.

This allows for control of the mode of travel or the magnitude at a source. The greater the multiplier, the greater the cost to move through each cell.

The values must be greater than zero. The default is 1.

المضاعف المراد تطبيقه على قيم التكلفة.

يسمح هذا بالتحكم في طريقة السفر أو المقدار عند المصدر. كلما زاد المضاعف ، زادت تكلفة التنقل عبر كل خلية.

يجب أن تكون القيم أكبر من الصفر. الافتراضي هو 1.

Start cost (optional)

The starting cost from which to begin the cost calculations.

Allows for the specification of the fixed cost associated with a source. Instead of starting at a cost of zero, the cost algorithm will begin with the value set by Start cost.

The values must be zero or greater. The default is 0.

Accumulative cost resistance rate (optional)

This parameter simulates the increase in the effort to overcome costs as the accumulative cost increases. It is used to model fatigue of the traveler. The growing accumulative cost to reach a cell is multiplied by the resistance rate and added to the cost to move into the subsequent cell.

It is a modified version of a compound interest rate formula that is used to calculate the apparent cost of moving through a cell. As the value of the resistance rate increases, it increases the cost of the cells that are visited later. The greater the resistance rate, the more additional cost is added to reach the next cell, which is compounded for each subsequent movement. Since the resistance rate is similar to a compound rate and generally the accumulative cost values are very large, small resistance rates are suggested, such as 0.02, 0.005, or even smaller, depending on the accumulative cost values.

The values must be zero or greater. The default is 0.

Capacity (optional)

The cost capacity for the traveler for a source.

The cost calculations continue for each source until the specified capacity is reached.

The values must be greater than zero. The default capacity is to the edge of the output raster.

Travel direction (optional)

Specifies the direction of the traveler when applying horizontal and vertical factors, the source resistance rate, and the source starting cost.

· FROM_SOURCE—The horizontal factor, vertical factor, source resistance rate, and source starting cost will be applied beginning at the input source, and travel out to the nonsource cells. This is the default.

· TO_SOURCE—The horizontal factor, vertical factor, source resistance rate, and source starting cost will be applied beginning at each nonsource cell and travel back to the input source.

If you select the String option, you can choose between from and to options, which will be applied to all sources.

If you select the Field option, you can select the field from the source data that determines the direction to use for each source. The field must contain the text string FROM_SOURCE or TO_SOURCE.

14. Start cost (optional) تكلفة البدء (اختياري)

The starting cost from which to begin the cost calculations.

Allows for the specification of the fixed cost associated with a source. Instead of starting at a cost of zero, the cost algorithm will begin with the value set by Start cost.

The values must be zero or greater. The default is 0.

تكلفة البداية التي تبدأ منها حسابات التكلفة.

يسمح بتحديد التكلفة الثابتة المرتبطة بالمصدر. بدلاً من البدء بتكلفة صفر ، ستبدأ خوارزمية التكلفة بالقيمة التي تحددها تكلفة البدء.

يجب أن تكون القيم صفرًا أو أكبر. الافتراضي هو 0.

Accumulative cost resistance rate (optional)

This parameter simulates the increase in the effort to overcome costs as the accumulative cost increases. It is used to model fatigue of the traveler. The growing accumulative cost to reach a cell is multiplied by the resistance rate and added to the cost to move into the subsequent cell.

It is a modified version of a compound interest rate formula that is used to calculate the apparent cost of moving through a cell. As the value of the resistance rate increases, it increases the cost of the cells that are visited later. The greater the resistance rate, the more additional cost is added to reach the next cell, which is compounded for each subsequent movement. Since the resistance rate is similar to a compound rate and generally the accumulative cost values are very large, small resistance rates are suggested, such as 0.02, 0.005, or even smaller, depending on the accumulative cost values.

The values must be zero or greater. The default is 0.

Capacity (optional)

The cost capacity for the traveler for a source.

The cost calculations continue for each source until the specified capacity is reached.

The values must be greater than zero. The default capacity is to the edge of the output raster.

Travel direction (optional)

Specifies the direction of the traveler when applying horizontal and vertical factors, the source resistance rate, and the source starting cost.

· FROM_SOURCE—The horizontal factor, vertical factor, source resistance rate, and source starting cost will be applied beginning at the input source, and travel out to the nonsource cells. This is the default.

· TO_SOURCE—The horizontal factor, vertical factor, source resistance rate, and source starting cost will be applied beginning at each nonsource cell and travel back to the input source.

If you select the String option, you can choose between from and to options, which will be applied to all sources.

If you select the Field option, you can select the field from the source data that determines the direction to use for each source. The field must contain the text string FROM_SOURCE or TO_SOURCE.

15. Accumulative cost resistance rate (optional) معدل مقاومة التكلفة التراكمية (اختياري)

This parameter simulates the increase in the effort to overcome costs as the accumulative cost increases. It is used to model fatigue of the traveler. The growing accumulative cost to reach a cell is multiplied by the resistance rate and added to the cost to move into the subsequent cell.

تحاكي هذه المعلمة الزيادة في الجهد المبذول للتغلب على التكاليف مع زيادة التكلفة المتراكمة. يتم استخدامه لنمذجة تعب المسافر. يتم مضاعفة التكلفة التراكمية المتزايدة للوصول إلى خلية في معدل المقاومة وتضاف إلى تكلفة الانتقال إلى الخلية التالية.

إنها نسخة معدلة من صيغة معدل الفائدة المركبة التي تُستخدم لحساب التكلفة الظاهرية للتنقل عبر خلية. كلما زادت قيمة معدل المقاومة ، زادت تكلفة الخلايا التي تمت زيارتها لاحقًا. كلما زاد معدل المقاومة ، تمت إضافة تكلفة إضافية للوصول إلى الخلية التالية ، والتي تتضاعف مع كل حركة لاحقة. نظرًا لأن معدل المقاومة مشابه للمعدل المركب وعمومًا فإن قيم التكلفة التراكمية كبيرة جدًا ، يتم اقتراح معدلات مقاومة صغيرة ، مثل 0.02 أو 0.005 أو حتى أصغر ، اعتمادًا على قيم التكلفة التراكمية.

يجب أن تكون القيم صفرًا أو أكبر. الافتراضي هو 0.

Capacity (optional)

The cost capacity for the traveler for a source.

The cost calculations continue for each source until the specified capacity is reached.

The values must be greater than zero. The default capacity is to the edge of the output raster.

Travel direction (optional)

Specifies the direction of the traveler when applying horizontal and vertical factors, the source resistance rate, and the source starting cost.

· FROM_SOURCE—The horizontal factor, vertical factor, source resistance rate, and source starting cost will be applied beginning at the input source, and travel out to the nonsource cells. This is the default.

· TO_SOURCE—The horizontal factor, vertical factor, source resistance rate, and source starting cost will be applied beginning at each nonsource cell and travel back to the input source.

If you select the String option, you can choose between from and to options, which will be applied to all sources.

If you select the Field option, you can select the field from the source data that determines the direction to use for each source. The field must contain the text string FROM_SOURCE or TO_SOURCE.

16. Capacity (optional) السعة (اختياري)

The cost capacity for the traveler for a source.

The cost calculations continue for each source until the specified capacity is reached.

The values must be greater than zero. The default capacity is to the edge of the output raster.

سعة التكلفة للمسافر بالنسبة للمصدر.

تستمر حسابات التكلفة لكل مصدر حتى يتم الوصول إلى السعة المحددة.

يجب أن تكون القيم أكبر من الصفر. السعة الافتراضية هي إلى حافة البيانات النقطية للإخراج.

Travel direction (optional)

Specifies the direction of the traveler when applying horizontal and vertical factors, the source resistance rate, and the source starting cost.

· FROM_SOURCE—The horizontal factor, vertical factor, source resistance rate, and source starting cost will be applied beginning at the input source, and travel out to the nonsource cells. This is the default.

· TO_SOURCE—The horizontal factor, vertical factor, source resistance rate, and source starting cost will be applied beginning at each nonsource cell and travel back to the input source.

If you select the String option, you can choose between from and to options, which will be applied to all sources.

If you select the Field option, you can select the field from the source data that determines the direction to use for each source. The field must contain the text string FROM_SOURCE or TO_SOURCE.

17. Travel direction (optional) اتجاه السفر (اختياري)

Specifies the direction of the traveler when applying horizontal and vertical factors, the source resistance rate, and the source starting cost.

يحدد اتجاه المسافر عند تطبيق عوامل أفقية ورأسية ، ومعدل مقاومة المصدر ، وتكلفة بدء المصدر.

• FROM_SOURCE - سيتم تطبيق العامل الأفقي والعامل الرأسي ومعدل مقاومة المصدر وتكلفة بدء المصدر بدءًا من مصدر الإدخال ، ثم السفر للخارج إلى الخلايا غير المصدر. هذا هو الافتراضي.

• TO_SOURCE - سيتم تطبيق العامل الأفقي والعامل الرأسي ومعدل مقاومة المصدر وتكلفة بدء المصدر بدءًا من كل خلية غير مصدر والعودة إلى مصدر الإدخال.

إذا حددت خيار String ، فيمكنك الاختيار بين الخيارات من وإلى ، والتي سيتم تطبيقها على جميع المصادر.

إذا حددت خيار الحقل ، يمكنك تحديد الحقل من البيانات المصدر التي تحدد الاتجاه الذي يجب استخدامه لكل مصدر. يجب أن يحتوي الحقل على السلسلة النصية FROM_SOURCE أو TO_SOURCE.

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